Perspective: Morphology and ion transport in ion-containing polymers from multiscale modeling and simulations

Zhu, Zhenghao; Paddison, Stephen J.

doi:10.3389/fchem.2022.981508

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 135 publications

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“…The generally accepted mechanisms of proton conduction in PEMs are mainly vehicle and Grotthuss (or hopping) mechanisms, both relying on water molecules as carriers. , Hence, adequate water absorption of PEMs facilitates proton transport, whereas excessive water content within membranes induces significant dimensional variations, thereby impairing the mechanical performance and the practical application capability. , The WU of B- x -SPAEKS and B-10-SPAEKS-30 membranes as a function of temperature is illustrated in Figure a, in which the WU of B- x -SPAEKS displayed an upward trend with the increase of IEC and temperature. However, the WU of the B-10-SPAEKS membrane was considerably lower than that of the B-10-SPAEKS-30 membrane over the whole temperature range, despite the IEC values of both being nearly identical.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Branched Poly(arylene ether ketone sulfone)s with Ultradensely Sulfonated Branched Centers for Proton Exchange Membranes: Effect of the Positions of the Sulfonic Acid Groups

Xie

Liu

Ringuette

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Branched sulfonated polymers present considerable potential for application as proton exchange membranes, yet investigation of branched polymers containing sulfonated branched centers remains to be advanced. Herein, we report a series of polymers with ultradensely sulfonated branched centers, namely, B-x-SPAEKS, where x represents the degree of branching. In comparison with the analogous polymers bearing sulfonated branched arms, B-x-SPAEKS showed a reduced water affinity, resulting in less swelling and lower proton conductivity. The water uptake, swelling ratio (in-plane), and proton conductivity of B-10-SPAEKS at 80 °C were 52.2%, 57.7%, and 23.6% lower than their counterparts, respectively. However, further analysis revealed that B-x-SPAEKS featured significantly better proton conduction under the same water content due to the formation of larger hydrophilic clusters (∼10 nm) that promoted efficient proton transportation. B-12.5-SPAEKS exhibited a proton conductivity of 138.8 mS cm–1 and a swelling ratio (in-plane) of only 11.6% at 80 °C, both of which were superior to Nafion 117. In addition, a decent single-cell performance of B-12.5-SPAEKS was also achieved. Consequently, the decoration of sulfonic acid groups on the branched centers represents a very promising strategy, enabling outstanding proton conductivity and dimensional stability simultaneously even with low water content.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Branched Poly(arylene ether ketone sulfone)s with Ultradensely Sulfonated Branched Centers for Proton Exchange Membranes: Effect of the Positions of the Sulfonic Acid Groups

Xie

Liu

Ringuette

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…Polymerized ionic liquids composed of polymeric chains and corresponding counterions, as ideal ion-containing polymers having an ion transport ability, have sparked increasing interest for several decades due to their promising applications in conductive electrolytes and ion exchange membranes. 476,477 3.6.1. Dynamics.…”

Section: Ion Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ion transport directly contributes to charge transfer in an electric field, forming an ionically conductive pathway, and is an equally important physical property compared to electronic conductivity. Polymerized ionic liquids composed of polymeric chains and corresponding counterions, as ideal ion-containing polymers having an ion transport ability, have sparked increasing interest for several decades due to their promising applications in conductive electrolytes and ion exchange membranes. , …”

Section: Physical–chemical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymerized and Colloidal Ionic Liquids─Syntheses and Applications

Li,

Yan,

Texter

2024

Chem. Rev.

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The breadth and importance of polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) are steadily expanding, and this review updates advances and trends in syntheses, properties, and applications over the past five to six years. We begin with an historical overview of the genesis and growth of the PIL field as a subset of materials science. The genesis of ionic liquids (ILs) over nano to meso lengthscales exhibiting 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D topologies defines colloidal ionic liquids, CILs, which compose a subclass of PILs and provide a synthetic bridge between IL monomers (ILMs) and micro to macroscale PIL materials. The second focus of this review addresses design and syntheses of ILMs and their polymerization reactions to yield PILs and PIL-based materials. A burgeoning diversity of ILMs reflects increasing use of nonimidazolium nuclei and an expanding use of step-growth chemistries in synthesizing PIL materials. Radical chain polymerization remains a primary method of making PILs and reflects an increasing use of controlled polymerization methods.Step-growth chemistries used in creating some CILs utilize extensive cross-linking. This cross-linking is enabled by incorporating reactive functionalities in CILs and PILs, and some of these CILs and PILs may be viewed as exotic cross-linking agents. The third part of this update focuses upon some advances in key properties, including molecular weight, thermal properties, rheology, ion transport, self-healing, and stimuli-responsiveness. Glass transitions, critical solution temperatures, and liquidity are key thermal properties that tie to PIL rheology and viscoelasticity. These properties in turn modulate mechanical properties and ion transport, which are foundational in increasing applications of PILs. Cross-linking in gelation and ionogels and reversible step-growth chemistries are essential for self-healing PILs. Stimuli-responsiveness distinguishes PILs from many other classes of polymers, and it emphasizes the importance of segmentally controlling and tuning solvation in CILs and PILs. The fourth part of this review addresses development of applications, and the diverse scope of such applications supports the increasing importance of PILs in materials science. Adhesion applications are supported by ionogel properties, especially crosslinking and solvation tunable interactions with adjacent phases. Antimicrobial and antifouling applications are consequences of the cationic nature of PILs. Similarly, emulsion and dispersion applications rely on tunable solvation of functional groups and on how such groups interact with continuous phases and substrates. Catalysis is another significant application, and this is an historical tie between ILs and PILs. This component also provides a connection to diverse and porous carbon phases templated by PILs that are catalysts or serve as supports for catalysts. Devices, including sensors and actuators, also rely on solvation tuning and stimuliresponsiveness that include photo and electrochemical stimuli. We conclude our view of applications with 3D printi...

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“…When soaked in water, the ionic groups dissociate into the immobile cationic groups on the polymer and mobile hydroxide ions that support the ionic current between the electrodes. Like perfluorosulfonic acid membranes, many AEM chemistries have been reported to develop a phase separated nanomorphology upon hydration, although structure–property relationships depend on a large number of parameters and are not yet fully understood . The third approach (Figure c) makes use of ion-solvating polymer membranes that contain polar or ionizable groups, such as benzimidazoles or imidazoles, that promote excessive uptake of aqueous alkali metal hydroxide solutions to form a homogeneous morphology without distinct phase separation. − The term ion-solvating polymer electrolyte was introduced in the context of nonaqueous electrolyte chemistries based on mixtures of, e.g., poly(ethylene oxide) and lithium salts but has been adapted by the alkaline polymer electrolyte community for polymer systems doped with aqueous KOH although excess water needs to be present to fully solvate the dissociated ions …”

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confidence: 99%

Electrode Separators for the Next-Generation Alkaline Water Electrolyzers

et al. 2023

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Multi-gigawatt-scale hydrogen production by water electrolysis is central in the green transition when it comes to storage of energy and forming the basis for sustainable fuels and materials. Alkaline water electrolysis plays a key role in this context, as the scale of implementation is not limited by the availability of scarce and expensive raw materials. Even though it is a mature technology, the new technological context of the renewable energy system demands more from the systems in terms of higher energy efficiency, enhanced rate capability, as well as dynamic, part-load, and differential pressure operation capability. New electrode separators that can support high currents at small ohmic losses, while effectively suppressing gas crossover, are essential to achieving this. This Focus Review compares the three main development paths that are currently being pursued in the field with the aim to identify the advantages and drawbacks of the different approaches in order to illuminate rational ways forward.

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Perspective: Morphology and ion transport in ion-containing polymers from multiscale modeling and simulations

Cited by 9 publications

References 135 publications

Branched Poly(arylene ether ketone sulfone)s with Ultradensely Sulfonated Branched Centers for Proton Exchange Membranes: Effect of the Positions of the Sulfonic Acid Groups

Branched Poly(arylene ether ketone sulfone)s with Ultradensely Sulfonated Branched Centers for Proton Exchange Membranes: Effect of the Positions of the Sulfonic Acid Groups

Polymerized and Colloidal Ionic Liquids─Syntheses and Applications

Electrode Separators for the Next-Generation Alkaline Water Electrolyzers

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