Perspective on enzymatic production of renewable hydrocarbon fuel using algal fatty acid photodecarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis NC64A: Potentials and limitations

Ng, Wei Zhe; Chan, Eng Seng; Gourich, Wail; Ooi, Chien Wei; Tey, Beng Ti; Song, Cher Pin

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2023.113548

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…2 Furthermore, there has recently been an emerging interest in the utilization of fatty acids in the generation of renewable hydrocarbon fuel. 3,4 Fatty acids are typically synthesized through the hydrolysis of vegetable oils or fats. The Colgate-Emery process, which is one of the well-known commercial hydrolysis processes, is conducted under operational temperatures from 250 to 340 °C, with a reaction pressure of 5 to 6 MPa and utilizes water at subcritical or supercritical states.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fatty acids are also subjected to esterification with alcohol to yield fatty acid alkyl esters or biodiesel . Furthermore, there has recently been an emerging interest in the utilization of fatty acids in the generation of renewable hydrocarbon fuel. , Fatty acids are typically synthesized through the hydrolysis of vegetable oils or fats. The Colgate-Emery process, which is one of the well-known commercial hydrolysis processes, is conducted under operational temperatures from 250 to 340 °C, with a reaction pressure of 5 to 6 MPa and utilizes water at subcritical or supercritical states. , Despite the remarkable efficiency and conversion rate of 97% or higher, the elevated operational conditions induce increased vulnerability of triacylglycerols (TAGs) to undesired secondary reactions, including oxidation, dehydration, and the interesterification of generated fatty acids .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low-Cost CO₂-Based Alkyl Carbamate Ionic Liquids for Accelerating Enzymatic Oil Hydrolysis

Ng,

Chan,

Tan

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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The enzymatic hydrolysis of vegetable oil is hindered by the prolonged duration required for reaction completion. This study aimed to address this concern by employing low-cost CO 2based alkyl carbamate ionic liquids (ILs) as additives. First, the verification of the successful synthesis of these ILs was attained through FTIR spectra analysis, revealing distinct C−O stretching peaks at 1,408 and 1,621 cm −1 . Furthermore, the addition of carbamate ILs did not cause enzyme denaturation, as proven by the preservation of the native beta-sheet assignment within the lipase structure. The carbamate ILs also raised the enzyme's negative zeta potential and reduced the chances of aggregation. Among the carbamate ILs investigated, bis(2-ethylhexyl)-ammonium bis(2ethylhexyl)carbamate (DBCARB) was determined to be the most effective, owing to its hydrophobic properties and ability to optimize pH levels and expose the enzyme's active site to the outer surface. Through purification, 8 wt % DBCARB reached a near-optimal equilibrium free fatty acid yield (∼95 wt %) within 8 h with only 0.2 wt % lipase, signifying a notable enhancement compared to the 120 h required in the absence of DBCARB. These results highlight the potential of DBCARB in enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis and shortening reaction times.

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Cost CO₂-Based Alkyl Carbamate Ionic Liquids for Accelerating Enzymatic Oil Hydrolysis

Ng,

Chan,

Tan

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…[11] Finally, substrate diffusion limitations to FAP may turn out detrimental as illumination of FAP in the absence of substrates leads to irreversible inactivation. [12] Enzyme-membrane reactors have received extensive attention in the field of photobiological culture. [13] Due to their large specific surface area, the membrane carriers exhibit a favourable propensity for light capture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[15,16] Flow-chemistry applications on FAPs are scarce and limited to soluble enzymes. [12,17] Furthermore, FAP studies so far have almost exclusively on the prototypal FAP from Chlorella variabilis (CvFAP). Due to its preference for long chain fatty acids, limiting its broad applicability for biomassderived fatty acids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous Fatty Acid Decarboxylation using an Immobilized Photodecarboxylase in a Membrane Reactor

Zhou,

Hollmann,

et al. 2023

ChemSusChem

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The realm of photobiocatalytic alkane biofuel synthesis has burgeoned recently; however, the current dearth of well‐established and scalable production methodologies in this domain remains conspicuous. In this investigation, we engineered a modified form of membrane‐associated fatty acid photodecarboxylase sourced from Micractinium conductrix (McFAP). This endeavour resulted in creating an innovative assembled photoenzyme‐membrane (protein load 5 mg cm−2), subsequently integrated into an illuminated flow apparatus to achieve uninterrupted generation of alkane biofuels. Through batch experiments, the photoenzyme‐membrane exhibited its prowess in converting fatty acids spanning varying chain lengths (C6–C18). Following this, the membrane‐flow mesoscale reactor attained a maximum space‐time yield of 1.2 mmol L−1 h−1 (C8) and demonstrated commendable catalytic proficiency across eight consecutive cycles, culminating in a cumulative runtime of eight hours. These findings collectively underscored the photoenzyme‐membrane's capability to facilitate the biotransformation of diverse fatty acids, furnishing valuable benchmarks for the conversion of biomass via photobiocatalysis.

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Systematic Assessment of Mechanisms, Developments, Innovative Solutions, and Future Perspectives of Microplastics and Ecotoxicity – A Review

Manikandan,

Preethi,

Deena

et al. 2024

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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As plastics become more ubiquitous, their impact on the environment and on human health cannot be overlooked. Once generated, micro‐ and nano‐plastics end‐up in the environment, causing widespread health and environmental risks. This is a significant environmental problem given the minuscule sizes of microplastics, and therefore warrants further investigation. This study presents a comprehensive review of the ecotoxicology of microplastics and methods for their degradation and decomposition besides discussing the fate and transport processes, recent progress, emerging strategies, challenges and potential future directions. The authors carefully evaluate the processes through which microplastics cause harm, from molecular interactions in species, to ecological impacts, and end with advances in microplastic biodegradation. Different kinds of microplastics found in the environment include polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, polyurethane, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate. Analysis of microbial and enzymatic decomposition provides several swelling mitigation strategies designed to reduce environmental threats. In‐depth investigations of microplastic ecotoxicity and biodegradation are being facilitated by interdisciplinary proposals in the areas of nanotechnology, new analytical methods, and synthetic biology. The extensive study helps understand microplastics comprehensively which in‐turn ensures informed actions to mitigate the challenge of the environmental impact of microplastics for sustainable future.

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Perspective on enzymatic production of renewable hydrocarbon fuel using algal fatty acid photodecarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis NC64A: Potentials and limitations

Cited by 11 publications

References 131 publications

Low-Cost CO₂-Based Alkyl Carbamate Ionic Liquids for Accelerating Enzymatic Oil Hydrolysis

Low-Cost CO₂-Based Alkyl Carbamate Ionic Liquids for Accelerating Enzymatic Oil Hydrolysis

Continuous Fatty Acid Decarboxylation using an Immobilized Photodecarboxylase in a Membrane Reactor

Systematic Assessment of Mechanisms, Developments, Innovative Solutions, and Future Perspectives of Microplastics and Ecotoxicity – A Review

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Perspective on enzymatic production of renewable hydrocarbon fuel using algal fatty acid photodecarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis NC64A: Potentials and limitations

Cited by 11 publications

References 131 publications

Low-Cost CO2-Based Alkyl Carbamate Ionic Liquids for Accelerating Enzymatic Oil Hydrolysis

Low-Cost CO2-Based Alkyl Carbamate Ionic Liquids for Accelerating Enzymatic Oil Hydrolysis

Continuous Fatty Acid Decarboxylation using an Immobilized Photodecarboxylase in a Membrane Reactor

Systematic Assessment of Mechanisms, Developments, Innovative Solutions, and Future Perspectives of Microplastics and Ecotoxicity – A Review

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Product

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Low-Cost CO₂-Based Alkyl Carbamate Ionic Liquids for Accelerating Enzymatic Oil Hydrolysis

Low-Cost CO₂-Based Alkyl Carbamate Ionic Liquids for Accelerating Enzymatic Oil Hydrolysis