China is experiencing rapid population ageing: in 2019, the proportion of older adults aged 65 or older was 11.9%, and over 40 million elderly adults were categorised as disabled (Bureau of Medical Administration, 2020), resulting in an increase in the demand for long-term care. In China and many other East Asian countries, older adults previously relied on their children to provide such care (Leung, 2008), but as the implementation of the one-child policy and rapid socioeconomic transformation resulted in the family structure changing to "4-2-1" (a family consisting of four grandparents, two parents, and a single child), an increasing number of Chinese older adults now live alone, and family members, particularly their children, lack the capacity to meet the growing need for elderly care (Yang et al., 2021;Zhu & Osterle, 2019). Therefore, home-and community-based services (HCBSs) have expanded and