Perspectives on heterogeneity-informed cognitive training for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Abstract

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition, posing a severe threat to quality of life. Pharmacological therapies are the front-line treatment; however, their shortages encourage the development of alternative treatments for AD/HD. One promising method of developing alternative treatments is cognitive training (CT). A CT-based therapy was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. However, due to heterogeneity in AD/HD, a CT protocol is unlikely to provide a one-size-fits-all solution for all patients with AD/HD. Therefore, this article highlights key aspects that need to be considered to further develop CT protocols for AD/HD, regarding training content, timing, suitability, and delivery mode. The perspectives presented here contribute to optimizing CT as an alternative option for treating AD/HD.

Application of mendelian randomization in ocular diseases: a review

“…Zhou et al [8]designed a bidirectional two-sample MR analysis (allergic conjunctivitis: OR, 1.53; atopic conjunctivitis: OR, 1.76; chronic conjunctivitis: OR, 1.76), and found that atopic dermatitis is a cause of conjunctivitis while conjunctivitis does not cause atopic dermatitis, establishing the causal link between the two. By using techniques like inverse variance weighted (IVW) estimation, Zhang et al ultimately reached their conclusion that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was not related to allergic conjunctivitis [9]. Since previous observational studies show growing evidence that gut microbiota associate with the incidence of AC closely, Liu et al came to the conclusion that gut microbiota may be involved in immunomodulation and lower the incidence of allergic conjunctivitis, except for Oscillospira flora, which produces substances linked to inflammatory diseases and contributes to the incidence of allergic conjunctivitis [10].…”

“…To further estimate genetic associations between polyunsaturated fatty acids and allergy disorders, a two-sample MR analysis was used to identify that: omega-3 fatty acids had a preventive effect on the development of AC, while omega-6:3 fatty acids raised the risk of AC, taking into account age, economic status, BMI, and daily behavioral habits [11]. The identification of these correlates offers a novel perspective on the etiology of allergic conjunctivitis as well as suggestions for targeted prevention and treatment strategies [9].…”

Remote neurocognitive interventions for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder – Opportunities and challenges

“…Another question in previous studies is about using uniform training content for all individuals, despite the marked heterogeneity of neurocognitive deficits in those with AD/HD (Nigg et al, 2020). A more effective approach may involve tailoring training content to individual neurocognitive profiles (for a comprehensive discussion on this topic, refer to Zhang, 2023). Further, although representative tasks present the best tools for taxing EF and sustained attention, they are also susceptible to task impurities; for example, each EF task includes non-EF cognitive processing (Miyake et al, 2000).…”