Perspectives on Polyvinyl Chloride and Carbon Nanofiller Composite: A Review

Ahmad, Nafees; Kausar, Ayesha; Muhammad, Bakhtiar

doi:10.1080/03602559.2016.1163587

Cited by 52 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…When compared to flexible PVC, rigid PVC 31 has higher tensile strength (40-70 vs. 6-25 MPa) and Young's modulus (1-3.5 vs. 0.05-0.15 GPa), however, the improved strength is accompanied by a substantially reduced strain to failure (30-80 vs. 150-400%) leading to poor toughness 32 (∼0.3 MJ m −3 ). Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been introduced to form CNT/PVC composites to increase electrical/thermal conductivity, 33 manipulate PVC phase behaviour, 34 and increase thermal stability, 35 however, addition of neat nanotubes has not led to notable mechanical improvement, 36 thought to be due to poor interface between matrix and nanotube. 37 While PVC has been grafted onto multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), 37,38 these materials have not been studied in a bulk composite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reductive dissolution of supergrowth carbon nanotubes for tougher nanocomposites by reactive coagulation spinning

et al. 2017

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Long single-walled carbon nanotubes, with lengths >10 μm, can be spontaneously dissolved by stirring in a sodium naphthalide N,N-dimethylacetamide solution, yielding solutions of individualised nanotubide ions at concentrations up to 0.74 mg mL. This process was directly compared to ultrasonication and found to be less damaging while maintaining greater intrinsic length, with increased individualisation, yield, and concentration. Nanotubide solutions were spun into fibres using a new reactive coagulation process, which covalently grafts a poly(vinyl chloride) matrix to the nanotubes directly at the point of fibre formation. The grafting process insulated the nanotubes electrically, significantly enhancing the dielectric constant to 340% of the bulk polymer. For comparison, samples were prepared using both Supergrowth nanotubes and conventional shorter commercial single-walled carbon nanotubes. The resulting nanocomposites showed similar, high loadings (ca. 20 wt%), but the fibres formed with Supergrowth nanotubes showed significantly greater failure strain (up to ∼25%), and hence more than double the toughness (30.8 MJ m), compared to composites containing typical ∼1 μm SWCNTs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reductive dissolution of supergrowth carbon nanotubes for tougher nanocomposites by reactive coagulation spinning

et al. 2017

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“…An important problem in the synthesis scheme of PCCCM considered above is to ensure close interaction of the modifying additive nanoparticles with the initial polyvinyl chloride molecules (or aggregates of molecules). This problem is of interest, per se; it is considered in many studies where PVC modification by carbon NC is used to render antistatic or shielding properties to NC/PVC composite materials [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ], to improve thermal or electrophysical properties [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ], and to apply such materials in energy storage devices [ 41 , 42 ], chemical sensors [ 41 , 42 ] and microelectronics [ 39 , 44 ]. A uniform distribution of carbon nanoparticles in PVC melt or its solutions in organic solvents is obtained using ultrasonic treatment [ 33 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 45 ], preliminary surface functionalization of the modifying carbon nanoparticles [ 46 , 47 , 48 ], surfactant additives [ 49 , 50 ], and mechanical mixing in a dry form in special-purpose mills [ 35 , 39 , 42 , 43 ] or extruders [ 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This problem is of interest, per se; it is considered in many studies where PVC modification by carbon NC is used to render antistatic or shielding properties to NC/PVC composite materials [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ], to improve thermal or electrophysical properties [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ], and to apply such materials in energy storage devices [ 41 , 42 ], chemical sensors [ 41 , 42 ] and microelectronics [ 39 , 44 ]. A uniform distribution of carbon nanoparticles in PVC melt or its solutions in organic solvents is obtained using ultrasonic treatment [ 33 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 45 ], preliminary surface functionalization of the modifying carbon nanoparticles [ 46 , 47 , 48 ], surfactant additives [ 49 , 50 ], and mechanical mixing in a dry form in special-purpose mills [ 35 , 39 , 42 , 43 ] or extruders [ 33 , 34 ]. The analysis of available publications showed that the most efficient contact of the modifying additive with chloropolymer molecules (or aggregates of molecules) during the synthesis of such polymer–carbon nanocomposites is achieved in an ultrasonically treated liquid medium [ 33 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 45 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porous Carbon–Carbon Composite Materials Obtained by Alkaline Dehydrochlorination of Polyvinyl Chloride

et al. 2022

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Porous carbon–carbon composite materials (PCCCM) were synthesized by the alkaline dehydrochlorination of polyvinyl chloride solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide containing the modifying additives of a nanostructured component (NC): graphite oxide (GO), reduced graphite oxide (RGO) or nanoglobular carbon (NGC), with subsequent two-step thermal treatment of the obtained polyvinylene–NC composites (carbonization at 400 °C and carbon dioxide activation at 900 °C). The focus of the study was on the analysis and digital processing of transmission electron microscopy images to study local areas of carbon composite materials, as well as to determine the distances between graphene layers. TEM and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption studies revealed that the structure of the synthesized PCCCM can be considered as a porous carbon matrix in which either carbon nanoglobules (in the case of NGC) or carbon particles with the “crumpled sheet” morphology (in the case of GO or RGO used as the modifying additives) are distributed. Depending on the features of the introduced 5–7 wt.% nanostructured component, the fraction of mesopores was shown to vary from 11% to 46%, and SBET—from 791 to 1115 m2 g−1. The synthesis of PCCNC using graphite oxide and reduced graphite oxide as the modifying additives can be considered as a method for synthesizing a porous carbon material with the hierarchical structure containing both the micro- and meso/macropores. Such materials are widely applied and can serve as adsorbents, catalyst supports, elements of power storage systems, etc.

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“…Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is the third-most widely used polymer around the world, and largely applied in various fields such as construction, chemical, and packaging, electric and electronic products, and so forth [1][2][3]. In addition, the statistics anticipate a global demand for PVC to reach 46.3 million tons in 2019 and to continuously increase [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size-dependent effect of MgAl-layered double hydroxides derived from Mg(OH)2 on thermal stability of poly(vinyl chloride)

Guo¹,

Zhang²,

Hu³

et al. 2021

Materials Today Communications

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Developing green thermal stabilizer for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) today is a great challenge for materials as polymer filler. Here, the "salt-oxide/hydroxide" route in mild conditions is used to fabricate a series of Mg 2 Al-CO 3 -LDH samples from Mg(OH) 2 precursors with different average particle sizes from 202 ± 10 nm to 334 ± 13 nm. A linear correlation is observed for the lateral size of the platelets between Mg 2 Al-CO 3 -LDH samples and their associated Mg(OH) 2 precursors. After surface-organo-modification (SOM), organophilic Mg 2 Al-CO 3 -LDH samples are found to be highly dispersed into PVC and investigated as environmentfriendly thermal stabilizers. From the static/dynamic tests, the performances are strongly enhanced and related to the particle size of the LDH stabilizer, with the yellowish color aspect appearing later than for the commercial HT-3/PVC. Among the LDH series, the platelets with an average particle lateral size of about 220 ± 10 nm perform the best for the thermal stability for PVC polymer. Among the series, the corresponding PVC composite film presents comparatively the minimum color value in static/dynamic discoloration test, exhibiting the longer ignition time for proton initial release as well as the longer stability time in dehydrochlorination test. It underlines that the salt-oxide/hydroxide route is an efficient and environmentally friendly process in producing high-performance green LDH stabilizer for PVC.

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Perspectives on Polyvinyl Chloride and Carbon Nanofiller Composite: A Review

Cited by 52 publications

References 139 publications

Reductive dissolution of supergrowth carbon nanotubes for tougher nanocomposites by reactive coagulation spinning

Reductive dissolution of supergrowth carbon nanotubes for tougher nanocomposites by reactive coagulation spinning

Porous Carbon–Carbon Composite Materials Obtained by Alkaline Dehydrochlorination of Polyvinyl Chloride

Size-dependent effect of MgAl-layered double hydroxides derived from Mg(OH)2 on thermal stability of poly(vinyl chloride)

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