Perspectives onLi‐ionbattery categories for electric vehicle applications: A review of state of the art

Abstract

Summary Lithium‐ion batteries are widely used in the market, and are continuously improving, given their numerous benefits. Choosing the best materials for the cathode is fundamental for optimal battery pack projects. Lithium batteries using nickel cobalt aluminum and nickel manganese cobalt have technology that is already well consolidated within the market. However, some state‐of‐the‐art research describes important technological advances in lithium‐ion stores with lithium iron phosphate oxide and lithium titanate oxide. These have numerous advantages that can improve electric vehicle performance. Different battery technologies were analyzed in this paper, providing a guideline for lithium‐ion battery manufacturers. Previous evaluations on niobium batteries are also presented, analyzing comparative perspectives with lithium‐ion batteries. Advances in cutting edge knowledge show that niobium is a promising metal for use in lithium‐ion batteries. Niobium‐doped batteries have shown good conductivity at low temperatures and high energy density compared with other lithium‐ion storage systems. This study encourages researchers to further develop research on lithium‐ion batteries using a comparative study.

New insights into the outstanding performances of nickel‐doped manganese oxide nanoparticles embedded in a 3D carbon nanopipes framework as anode for lithium and sodium‐ion batteries

“…The Raman spectra of CMK-5, Mn 3 O 4 (x)@CMK-5, and Ni(y)-Mn 3 O 4 (1) @CMK-5 are shown in Figure S6 (SI). The characteristic carbon peaks due to stretching vibration of sp 2hybridized disordered carbon (D band) and E 2g mode of vibration of in-plane sp 2 -hybridized graphitic carbon (G band) were observed at 1337 and 1583 cm À1 , respectively. 21,52 The degree of graphitization of carbon materials can be assessed from the peak intensity ratio of D and G bands (ie, I D /I G ).…”

“…Currently, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are progressively employed in electric vehicles (EVs) and other electronic gadgets owing to their superior energy and power efficiency than other metal-ion batteries. 1,2 However, there is an urgent need to produce high energy and power density LIBs, for example, to increase the range and speed of EVs and other such high-end applications, to cope with the demand. Therefore, novel electrode systems involving the use of multifunctional materials are utmost important to enhance the electrochemical performance, better safety, lower cost, and longer cycle life of LIBs.…”

“…Rechargeable batteries become increasingly important as the demand for clean energy has remarkably increased in the last couple of years to sidestep fossil fuel. Currently, lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are progressively employed in electric vehicles (EVs) and other electronic gadgets owing to their superior energy and power efficiency than other metal‐ion batteries 1,2 . However, there is an urgent need to produce high energy and power density LIBs, for example, to increase the range and speed of EVs and other such high‐end applications, to cope with the demand.…”

Li-Rich Layered Oxides: Structure and Doping Strategies to Enable Co-poor/Co-free Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries

“…Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are the most remarkable success case in the energy storage technology landscape in the last fifty years: [3] their unique configuration allow a fine tuning of performance and properties to meet diversified application needs thanks to the flexible combination of positive electrodes/electrolyte/negative electrodes components. [4,5] Since their market presentation in the early 90s, the most limiting performance factors of LIBs deal with costs and the gravimetric specific capacity limits.…”

“…drawbacks, the international R&D community has been working hard in the last thirty years to shift from LiCoO2 to high-capacity positive electrode materials, from carbonatebased liquid electrolytes to solid state ones, and from graphite to high-capacity negative electrode materials. [3,6] Recently the European Union categorized various battery chemistries in "generations" starting from the (+)LiCoO2/EC:DMC LiPF6/graphite(-) Generation 1 (i.e. EC=ethylene carbonate, DMC=dimethyl carbonate) to the innovative Generation 3a and 3b (high capacity lithium-ion batteries), Generation 4a (solid state lithium metal batteries), Generation 4b (lithium-sulphur batteries) and Generation 5 (lithium-oxygen and beyond-lithium batteries).…”