Abstract:The cyber security task is an intensely cognitive task that is embedded in a large multi-layered sociotechnical system of analysts, computers, and networks. Effective performance in this world is hampered by enormous size and complexity of the network data, the adaptive nature of intelligent adversaries, the lack of ground truth to assess performance, the high number of false alarms presented by automated alerting systems, by organizational stove pipes thwarting collaboration, and by technology that is thrown … Show more
“…While we found little data on the cognitive process of individual clinicians, we found substantial data on how teams with different expertise and experience levels can effectively work together to identify, mitigate and escalate the recognition of patient risk. Our subthemes of shared language and training and structure to support handoffs and continuity of care demonstrate the importance of shared SA in the inpatient setting 3 11. Shared SA requirements are dependent on the scenario, goals and tasks at hand.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 96%
“…Concepts of SA have been extended to address individual SA, team SA, shared SA and distributed SA (box 1). 3 7 11
Definitions for and examples of related types of situation awareness (SA) Individual SA : An individual's perception of data elements, the comprehension of their meaning in context and the projection of their status in the near future. Example: A physician determines that fever, tachycardia and symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome are due to severe sepsis with a high risk of rapid deterioration.…”
Background
Situation awareness (SA)—the perception of data elements, comprehension of their meaning and projection of their status in the near future—has been associated with human performance in high-risk environments, including aviation and the operating room. The influences on SA in inpatient medicine are unknown.
Methods
We conducted seven focus groups with nurses, respiratory therapists and resident physicians using a standardised semistructured focus group guide to promote discussion. Recordings of the focus groups were transcribed verbatim, and transcripts were qualitatively analysed by two independent reviewers to identify convergent and divergent themes.
Results
Three themes emerged: (1) team-based care, (2) availability of standardised data and (3) standardised processes and procedures. We categorised these into social, technological and organisational influences on SA. Subthemes that emerged from each focus group were shared language to describe at-risk patients, provider experience in critical care/deterioration and interdisciplinary huddles to identify and plan for at-risk patients. An objective early warning score, proactive assessment and planning, adequate clinician staffing and tools for entering, displaying and monitoring data trends were identified by six of seven groups. Our data better reflected the concepts of team SA and shared SA than individual SA.
Conclusions
Team-based care and standardisation support SA and the identification and treatment of patient risk in the complex environment of inpatient care. These findings can be used to guide the development and implementation of targeted interventions such as huddles to proactively scan for risk and electronic health record displays of data trends.
“…While we found little data on the cognitive process of individual clinicians, we found substantial data on how teams with different expertise and experience levels can effectively work together to identify, mitigate and escalate the recognition of patient risk. Our subthemes of shared language and training and structure to support handoffs and continuity of care demonstrate the importance of shared SA in the inpatient setting 3 11. Shared SA requirements are dependent on the scenario, goals and tasks at hand.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 96%
“…Concepts of SA have been extended to address individual SA, team SA, shared SA and distributed SA (box 1). 3 7 11
Definitions for and examples of related types of situation awareness (SA) Individual SA : An individual's perception of data elements, the comprehension of their meaning in context and the projection of their status in the near future. Example: A physician determines that fever, tachycardia and symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome are due to severe sepsis with a high risk of rapid deterioration.…”
Background
Situation awareness (SA)—the perception of data elements, comprehension of their meaning and projection of their status in the near future—has been associated with human performance in high-risk environments, including aviation and the operating room. The influences on SA in inpatient medicine are unknown.
Methods
We conducted seven focus groups with nurses, respiratory therapists and resident physicians using a standardised semistructured focus group guide to promote discussion. Recordings of the focus groups were transcribed verbatim, and transcripts were qualitatively analysed by two independent reviewers to identify convergent and divergent themes.
Results
Three themes emerged: (1) team-based care, (2) availability of standardised data and (3) standardised processes and procedures. We categorised these into social, technological and organisational influences on SA. Subthemes that emerged from each focus group were shared language to describe at-risk patients, provider experience in critical care/deterioration and interdisciplinary huddles to identify and plan for at-risk patients. An objective early warning score, proactive assessment and planning, adequate clinician staffing and tools for entering, displaying and monitoring data trends were identified by six of seven groups. Our data better reflected the concepts of team SA and shared SA than individual SA.
Conclusions
Team-based care and standardisation support SA and the identification and treatment of patient risk in the complex environment of inpatient care. These findings can be used to guide the development and implementation of targeted interventions such as huddles to proactively scan for risk and electronic health record displays of data trends.
“…Some studies have dealt with cybersecurity through analyzing situational awareness which includes cognitive studies [22,23,24,25] while some others have studied behavioral aspects to understand general cybersecurity awareness in organizations [26,27,28]. In this paper, we also aimed to understand the antecedents and consequents of general cybersecurity awareness among maritime employees, which are shown in Figure 1 and Table 1.…”
Cybersecurity awareness has become an important issue in maritime transportation as well as in other sectors. In this paper, after analyzing maritime cybersecurity literature, it is aimed to understand the factors of antecedents and consequences of cybersecurity awareness in maritime domain by taking Turkish Maritime Sector as a case study. Structural Equation Modeling is used for understanding the factors by validating a questionnaire data from 211 maritime employees who graduated from the Department of Marine Transportation Management Engineering and Marine Engineering in Turkey. It is found that (a) education is a significant factor in enhancing the maritime cybersecurity awareness of employee's and their attitudes towards cybersecurity; (b) cybersecurity incidents or experiences significantly influence employee's cybersecurity awareness and their behavior; (c) maritime cybersecurity awareness significantly affects secure user behavior. In addition, results showed that rules and policies with information sharing do not have any significant effect on cybersecurity awareness and on the development of secure employee behavior.
“…Intraorganization diffusion of strategies is central to an effective defense against attacks (Cooper & Wolfe, 2005). Cognitive task analysis and qualitative interviews (Champion, Rajivan, Cooke, & Jariwala, 2012;McNeese, et al, 2012) have revealed a lack of support for the major issues of splintered communication and lack of team collaboration among cyber defense teams.…”
Cybersecurity has large-scale versions of the challenges common to sociotechnical systems; in this high-risk, dynamic environment, attacks on organizations and governments are increasing in frequency, sophistication, and severity. In this paper, we summarize existing understanding of situation awareness in cybersecurity and propose additional factors that reflect emerging technology in the domain, incorporate the rising role of automation in cybersecurity, and are relevant to diverse organizations. To do this, we apply a distributed, sociotechnical systems approach to SA and consider the importance of multiteam cognition. Finally, we describe strategies for measurement to support future empirical research in cybersecurity.
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