Perspectivity operators in Dutch: al, nog, nogn,m

Expectations in Spanish and German Adverbs of Chance

“…For German, Löbner (1989) prefers to talk of "perspectives" instead of presuppositions, like Vandeweghe (1979) schon p (cf. already] "introduces the perspective t hat after a phase of not-p a positive phase sets in and, under this perspective, states that p is the case at the reference time", while noch p (cf.…”

“…The present analysis offers the same meaning for schon and noch in both wide and reduced scope uses (and for ya and todavia, with wide scope in both temporal and quantitative uses), and Van der Auwera includes both noch and nur noch ( 4 only stilP) in the set and points out that it is absent in the German tradition (but for Kürschner (1983: 159-160), where, Van der Anwera remarks, "there is no a claim that nwr noch is analogous to ersi"), while it has been argued for by Vandeweghe (1979) and accepted by Rombouts (1979), Van Baar (1990), so far Dutch Speakers, and by Välikangas (Van der Auwera 1991a: 150). Van der Auwera's (1990) Dutch equivalents for nwr noch fünf Bücher, äs in (52), are nog maar vijf bocken (still only five books), vijf boeken nog maar (five books still only), maar vijf boeken meer (only five books more); word-to-word equivalences are mine, with meer äs 'more' and maar äs Only', althongh there is also alleen, Only'.…”

“…This change can be ei t her from not p to p or from p to not p; the ordering is always from todavia to ya; 13 the time whcn the change takes place is t c : 14 (20) (a) todavia ya t c > not Van der A u wer a (1991a: 135) argues for English that, while (18b) entails (18c), (18c) does not entail (18b), that is, that already p entails not still not p but not vice versa, since the latter "says nothing about the relative earliness or lateness", äs the former does, As Löbner points out, duality relations had already been noticed for German by Doherty (1973) and Abraham (1976Abraham ( , 1980, and for Dutch by Vandeweghe (1979), who also developed "independently" Löbner's semantic analysis. This change can be ei t her from not p to p or from p to not p; the ordering is always from todavia to ya; 13 the time whcn the change takes place is t c : 14 (20) (a) todavia ya t c > not Van der A u wer a (1991a: 135) argues for English that, while (18b) entails (18c), (18c) does not entail (18b), that is, that already p entails not still not p but not vice versa, since the latter "says nothing about the relative earliness or lateness", äs the former does, As Löbner points out, duality relations had already been noticed for German by Doherty (1973) and Abraham (1976Abraham ( , 1980, and for Dutch by Vandeweghe (1979), who also developed "independently" Löbner's semantic analysis.…”