Pertraction of citric acid by means of emulsion liquid membranes

Production of multiple emulsions for drug delivery systems by repeated SPG membrane homogenization: Influence of mean pore size, interfacial tension and continuous phase viscosity

“…These emulsions have been investigated as controlled-release drug delivery systems (DDS) [3], as 'emulsion liquid membranes' for simultaneous liquid extraction and stripping of metals [6], organic acids [7] and antibiotics [8], as microcapsules for the protection and controlled release of functional food ingredients [9], for the formulation of reduced-calorie food emulsions [10], etc. Other applications include the use of multiple emulsions as intermediate products to the preparation of inorganic particles [11], lipid nanoparticles [12], polymeric microspheres [13][14], biodegradable microspheres [15], gel microbeads [16], and vesicles such as polymerosomes [17].…”

memExtraction of Citric Acid by Liquid Surfactant Membranes: Bench Experiments in Single and Multistage Operation

“…2 Among these species, organic acids have been recovered and purified with good efficiency [3][4][5][6] and, particularly, citric acid separation by the LSM process has presented promising results in the last few years. [6][7][8][9][10][11] Citric acid is an organic acid industrially produced by fermentation, widely applied in the food and beverage industries. Its recovery from the fermentation broth is performed by precipitation or solvent extraction.…”

“…[6][7][8]11 This change was implemented in order to reduce some stability problems caused by the swelling of the emulsion and the rupture of the inner phase droplets usually present in this extraction system. Additionally, factorial designs were used to identify possible interactions between some important parameters that affect the LSM technique.…”

“…The last characteristic is particularly useful in the recovery of species found at low concentrations, with promising applications in the extraction of metal ions, 15,16 removal of ionic species from wastewater, [17][18][19] and separation of carboxylic acids 11,20,21 and aminoacids. 22,23 Additionally, two important limiting aspects that should be carefully observed in this technique are the swelling of the emulsion droplets and occlusion of the feed phase.…”

Inclusion separation of alkali metals in emulsion liquid membranes by nanobaskets of calix[4]crown-3

“…This step is associated with the recovery of the membrane phase. ELM applications include separation of sugars (Ikeda et al 2003), organic acids (Yordanov and Boyadzhiev, 2007;Demirci et al, 2003), amino acids (Kaghazchia et al, 2006;Mohagheghi et al, 2008;Oshima et al, 2003;Bayraktar, 2001), proteins (Vasudevan and Wiencek, 1996) and antibiotics (Habaki et al, 2008;Lee, 2002).…”