Peruvian anchoveta as a telecoupled fisheries system

Abstract

Fisheries are coupled human and natural systems (CHANS) across distant places, yet fisheries research has generally focused on better understanding either fisheries ecology or human dimensions in a specific place, rather than their interactions over distances. As economic and ideational globalization accelerate, fisheries are becoming more globally connected via movements of fish products and fisheries finances, information, and stakeholders throughout the world. As such, there is a pressing need for systematic approaches to assess these linkages among global fisheries, their effects on ecosystems and food security, and their implications for fisheries science and sustainability. Use of the telecoupling framework is a novel and insightful method to systematically evaluate socioeconomic and environmental interactions among CHANS. We apply the telecoupling framework to the Peruvian anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) fishery, the world's largest single-species commercial fishery and a complex CHANS. The anchoveta fishery has diverse and significant telecouplings, socioeconomic and environmental interactions over distances, with the rest of the world, including fishmeal and fish oil trade, monetary flow, knowledge transfer, and movement of people. The use of the telecoupling framework reveals complex fishery dynamics such as feedbacks (e.g., profit maximization causing fishery overcapitalization) and surprises (e.g., stock collapse) resulting from local and long-distance ecological and socioeconomic interactions. The Peruvian anchoveta fishery illustrates how the telecoupling framework can be used to systematically assess the magnitude and diversity of local and distant fisheries interactions and thereby advance knowledge derived from traditional monothematic research approaches. Insights from the telecoupling framework provide a foundation from which to develop sustainable fisheries policy and management strategies across local, national, and international levels in a globalized world.

Evidence for Unresolvedγ-Ray Point Sources in the Inner Galaxy

“…The morphology and energy spectrum of the signal is consistent with DM annihilation. There is some possible tension between the DM interpretation and other searches, especially in dwarf galaxies [17]; alternate explanations include a new population of millisecond pulsars (MSPs) [11,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] or cosmic-ray injection [27,28].…”

Fisheries Volume 45 Number 5 May 2020

“…Introduced in 2007, the concept and framework of CHANS has made a signifi cant impact in theoretical and fi sheries/wildlife management literature (Liu et al 2007a(Liu et al , 2007bLópez-Hoffman et al 2017b ;Carlson et al 2018Carlson et al , 2019. Building on related approaches (e.g., human-environment systems, complex adaptive systems), the science of CHANS emphasizes linkages (positive and negative) between human and natural systems, as well as attendant complexities (e.g., feedbacks, cross-scalar interactions, legacy effects) that infl uence their productivity and sustainability.…”

“…For instance, the globally important fi shery for Peruvian Anchoveta Engraulis ringens collapsed in 1972 due to overfi shing and climate anomalies, leading agricultural producers to expand markets for soy-based (rather than fi shbased) poultry feeds in traditionally wheat-producing nations like the USA. As a result, wheat-importing nations such as China, Egypt, Indonesia, and the Soviet Union experienced unexpected food security concerns (Orlic 2011 ;Carlson et al 2018 ). Similarly, as timber harvesting and fuelwood collection increased within Wolong Nature Reserve in China in the 1980s and 1990s, natural habitats for giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca became fragmented, decreasing tourism in the nature reserve and thereby reducing direct income for local residents (Liu 2017 ).…”

“…For instance, marine fi shing technologies such as diesel engines, freezer trawlers, and radar spread throughout the world in the early-to mid-20th century, allowing nations to fi sh beyond their borders and thereby creating telecouplings of technological information, fi shers, and fi sh (via catch and trade). Likewise, collapse of the Peruvian Anchoveta fi shery in 1972 affected recognizable global fl ows, such as fi shmeal and fi sh oil trade and monetary exchange, as well as fl ows that were less familiar due to a trade-focused philosophy in Peru, including movement of people and international knowledge transfer regarding fi sheries sustainability (Carlson et al 2018 ). Resultant Anchoveta scarcity caused telecouplings (e.g., reduced wheat availability, global food security concerns), pericouplings (e.g., decreased Anchoveta abundance in Chile due to fi shing competition with Peru), and intracouplings such as government reorganization in Peru and implementation of fi shery management strategies to prevent future stock collapses (Figure 2 ).…”

A Synthesis of Opportunities for Applying the Telecoupling Framework to Marine Protected Areas

“…Effects of telecoupling on terrestrial protected areas are varied, including positive effects seen in the case of outside federal aid rescuing a protected area recovering from a natural disaster [84] and negative effects such as in the case of the rights of indigenous groups in protected areas made more vulnerable via extractive demands from transnational trade flows [85]. Some valuable telecoupling work has been done in marine environments on understanding distal causes and effects of seabird migration [71], the Peruvian fishery industry [88], and mapping 'extra-local' ecosystem services in the marine context [24]. However, a holistic consideration of the diversity of ways in which telecoupling acts in the marine context is needed.…”