Peruvians’ sleep duration: analysis of a population-based survey on adolescents and adults

Abstract

Sleep duration, either short or long, has been associated with diseases such as obesity, type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Characterizing the prevalence and patterns of sleep duration at the population-level, especially in resource-constrained settings, will provide informative evidence on a potentially modifiable risk factor. The aim of this study was to explore the patterns of sleep duration in the Peruvian adult and adolescent population, together with its socio-demographic profile. This is a cross-sectional study, secondary analysis of the Use of Time National Survey conducted in 2010. Weighted means and proportions were used to describe sleep duration according to socio-demographic variables.Poisson regressions, taking into account the multistage sampling design of the survey, were used to calculate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Main outcomes were short-(<6 hours) and long-sleep duration ( 9 hours). A total ≥ of 12,424 observations, mean age 35.8 years (SD ±17.7), 50.6% males, were included in the analysis. On average, Peruvians slept 7.7 hours (95% CI 7.4-8.0) on weekdays and 8.0hours (95% CI 7.8-8.1) during weekends. The proportions of short-and long-sleep, during weekdays, were 4.3% (95% CI 2.9%-6.3%) and 22.4% (95% CI 14.9%-32.1%), respectively.Regarding urban and rural areas, a much higher proportion of short-sleep was observed in the former. On the multivariable analysis, compared to regular-sleepers ( 6 to <9 hours), ≥ short-sleepers were twice more likely to be older and to have higher educational status, and 50% more likely to be currently employed. Similarly, relative to regular-sleep, long-sleepers were more likely to have a lower socioeconomic status as per educational attainment. In this nationally representative sample, the sociodemographic profile of short-sleep contrasts the long-sleep. These scenarios in Peru, as depicted by sleeping duration, differ from patterns reported in other high-income settings and could serve as the basis to inform and to improve sleep habits in the population. PrePrints IntroductionOver the last decades, sleep duration has changed leading to people sleeping less or more than they used to. A recent study analyzed data from the 1970s to the 2000s of ten industrialized countries and concluded that long-sleep duration, over nine hours, was more prevalent (Bin et al. 2013). However, a systematic review of cross-sectional studies conducted between the 1960s and 2000s in 15 countries reported a mixed trend: whilst seven countries had an increased sleep duration, six had a reduced one (Bin et al. 2012).Inappropriate sleep duration, either in excess or defect, has been associated with cardiovascular diseases and other non-communicable diseases. A meta-analysis of prospective studies reported that both short-and long-sleep duration was a risk factor for dying of coronary heart disease or stroke (Cappuccio et al. 2011); whereas Guo X et al. reported that short-sleep duration was associated with hypertension (Guo ...

Associations between self-reported sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk factors in young African-origin adults from the five-country modeling the epidemiologic transition study (METS)

“…It is possible that the shorter sleep durations reported by the Americans compared to the longer sleep durations of the Ghanaians living in a more rural environment may reflect the effect of urbanization. Shorter sleep durations have been reported in urban Chinese adults, 38 Peruvian adults, 39 Canadian high-school children, 40 and Thai primary-school children 41 compared to their respective rural-dwelling counterparts. Potentially there may be fewer environmental barriers to good sleep (noise, light, crowding, safety) in some rural settings.…”

Prevalence of short and long sleep duration: Ravansar NonCommunicable Disease (RaNCD) cohort study

“…Odds [17,38,39]. There is a reverse association between sleep duration and waking activities, and more activities by those with better socioeconomic status and more educated people.…”

“…Their possibly more efforts for educational and career developments and achievements may explain the lower prevalence of long sleep duration in these groups [38,40]. Lifestyle and factors associated with occupational and economic activities may be reasons explaining the longer sleep duration in people living in rural areas [39]. In total, people with lower socioeconomic status and those living in rural areas can be targeted for interventions designed to reduce the prevalence of long sleep duration.…”

The multidimensionality of sleep in population‐based samples: a narrative review

“…Research shows similar patterns for schoolchildren and adolescents (Gradisar et al, 2011; Liu et al, 2005). Adults from East and Southeast Asia (Dong et al, 2018; Ryu et al, 2011; Tang et al, 2017; Thichumpa et al, 2018; Um & Um, 2015; Wang et al, 2020; Wu et al, 2018), Central and Southern America (Carrillo‐Larco et al, 2014; Lima et al, 2012; Neutzling et al, 2020; Soldatos et al, 2005), Sub‐Saharan Africa (Ade et al, 2021; Peltzer, 2017; Soldatos et al, 2005), The Middle East (Asghari et al, 2012; Chami et al, 2020), and urban regions in North America (Grandner, Smith, et al, 2015) are more likely to report sleep of poor quality (range 28%–50%, generally higher in rural areas) and short duration (range 12%–39%, generally higher in metropolitan urban areas) than adults residing in Europe, Japan, Australia and non‐urban regions in North America (Adams et al, 2017; Doi et al, 2001; Kocevska et al, 2021; Lakerveld et al, 2016; Liu et al, 2000). In most Western countries, the average self‐reported sleep duration (from ~7 h/night in Japan to 8.5 h/night in Portugal) and indicators of poor sleep quality (range 9%–30%, depending on the indicator assessed) are relatively comparable between populations (Adams et al, 2017; Doi et al, 2000; Groeger et al, 2004; Kocevska et al, 2021; Kronholm et al, 2006; Soldatos et al, 2005).…”