Pest Management Challenges and Control Practices in Codling Moth: A Review

Abstract

The codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., is a serious insect pest in pome fruit production worldwide with a preference for apple. The pest is known for having developed resistance to several chemical groups of insecticides, making its control difficult. The control and management of the codling moth is often hindered by a lack of understanding about its biology and ecology, including aspects of its population genetics. This review summarizes the information about the origin and biology of the codling moth, describes the mechanisms of resistance in this pest, and provides an overview of current research of resistant pest populations and genetic research both in Europe and globally. The main focus of this review is on non-pesticide control measures and anti-resistance strategies which help to reduce the number of chemical pesticides used and their residues on food and the local environment. Regular monitoring for insecticide resistance is essential for proactive management to mitigate potential insecticide resistance. Here we describe techniques for the detection of resistant variants and possibilities for monitoring resistance populations. Also, we present our present work on developing new methods to maintain effective control using appropriate integrated resistance management (IRM) strategies for this economically important perennial pest.

Comparison of New Kairomone-Based Lures for Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Italy and USA

“…Codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a key world-wide pest of apple, Malus domestica L., pear, Pyrus spp., quince, Cydonia oblonga Mill., and walnut, Juglans regia L. [ 1 , 2 ]. The chemical ecology of the codling moth has been well investigated with several applications adopted by growers on a global scale for both monitoring and direct management [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. The most important application has been the use of the female sex pheromone, ( E , E )-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (PH), in lures to monitor male moth population dynamics [ 6 , 7 ], and within various dispensers, aerosols, and sprayable formulations for mating disruption (MD) [ 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”

Remote monitoring of Cydia pomonella adults among an assemblage of nontargets in sex pheromone‐kairomone‐baited smart traps

“…Action thresholds based on moth captures in traps are widely used in integrated pest management programs in pome fruit to aid the management of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) 1 . Growers in many production regions rely on traps baited with sex pheromone (( E,E )‐8,10‐dodecadien‐1‐ol, codlemone) for monitoring, and orchards are treated with sex pheromone dispensers for mating disruption (MD) 2–5 . Unfortunately, these practices can have three important limitations.…”

“… 1 Growers in many production regions rely on traps baited with sex pheromone (( E,E )‐8,10‐dodecadien‐1‐ol, codlemone) for monitoring, and orchards are treated with sex pheromone dispensers for mating disruption (MD). 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 Unfortunately, these practices can have three important limitations. First, sex pheromone‐baited traps capture only males and provide at best only an indirect measure of egg laying and larval eclosion timing.…”

Plant Allelochemicals as Sources of Insecticides

“…Tissues that contain high concentrations of lignin are unpalatable for insects. Increased lignin deposition might have additional negative effects on insects because phenoloxidase enzymes are involved in the polymerization of lignin, and this generates toxic by-products such as quinones and peroxides [126,127]. In maize, compounds namely, maysin, chlorogenic acid and phenolic acids [128] are biosynthetically related to insect defense.…”