“…links to adverse effects at individual bee‐level or at the colony‐level. The use of the HQ threshold in assessing the risk posed by residues in wax 7,11,13,14,19,20 (or for solitary bees in soil 37 ), where contact transfer factors for compounds are required, 38,39 and in dead bees, 11,14,18,21 without relating to residues following exposure at the LD 50 are not defined, 40 are even more obscure. To compound matters, in assessing the significance of residues in pollen and nectar, the contact LD 50 has also been used, 2,9,13,17 or even an ‘average’ of acute toxicity values, 11,12,18 even though the acute oral LD 50 is clearly more relevant for this exposure route.…”