Pesticide residues in herbal drugs: Evaluation of a database

Klier, B; Häfner, Elmar; Albert, H; Binder, G.; Knödler, Matthias; Kühn, Martin; Schenk, Alexander; Steinhoff, Barbara

doi:10.1016/j.jarmap.2019.100223

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The regulation of pesticides in EOs was recently discussed comprehensively by Klier et al and Tascone et al …”

Section: Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For most commercially used EOs, like anise, peppermint, eucalyptus, or citrus oil, the average yields do not usually exceed 5%, however . Although relatively small quantities of EOs are extracted from medicinal herbs, the fact that both EOs and pesticides are lipophilic in nature indicates that the transfer of pesticides into the oil during the distillation process is possible . The successful detection and quantification of pesticides and their residues depends upon various factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), and not just oil‐containing cells and tissues, are affected by the steam and are eventually co‐distilled into the EO . Here, pesticide lipophilicity, volatility, and thermostability are important . In the case of citrus oils, often the entire fruit is destroyed to release the juice, thus releasing pesticides found in all fruit parts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The EO is then separated from the watery emulsion, usually by means of centrifugation . In this case, only lipophilicity is influential for co‐distillation . Therefore, the processes of pesticide transfer and concentration in phytopharmaceuticals, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A general default value of 0.01 ppm applies where a pesticide is not specifically mentioned . In the case of EOs, MRLs should be calculated by consideration of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for each pesticide, maximal daily dosage (MDD) for the EO, drug/extract ratio (DER), and the body mass (M) of the patient, using the following equations:

for DER > 10, \frac{ADI \times M}{MDD \times 100};

for DER \leq 10, MRL \times DER,

where ADI is in mg/kg body mass, M is the body mass in kg (60 kg), and MDD is the daily dose of the herbal drug preparation in kg …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Pesticides in essential oils and selected fragrance extracts. Some examples. A review

Nikolić

Höferl

Buchbauer

2018

Flavour & Fragrance J

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The use of essential oils (EOs) worldwide continues to rise, and EOs are already established in folk and western medicine as remedies against inflammation, respiratory diseases, and infections, and are used for aromatherapy, insect repellents, food preservatives, and in the perfume and cosmetics industries. Pesticide residues are already present in the environment, however, and are thus also found in the aromatic plants used for EO production. The control of pesticides in EOs is therefore essential, especially with the recent trends in EO consumption. This paper is an overview on possible methods used for the determination of pesticide residues in EOs, covering the work of the scientific community in the last 20–25 years.

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“…The regulation of pesticides in EOs was recently discussed comprehensively by Klier et al and Tascone et al …”

Section: Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

for DER > 10, \frac{ADI \times M}{MDD \times 100};

for DER \leq 10, MRL \times DER,

where ADI is in mg/kg body mass, M is the body mass in kg (60 kg), and MDD is the daily dose of the herbal drug preparation in kg …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Pesticides in essential oils and selected fragrance extracts. Some examples. A review

Nikolić

Höferl

Buchbauer

2018

Flavour & Fragrance J

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Challenges in the quality of herbal medicinal products with a specific focus on contaminants

Steinhoff¹

2019

Phytochemical Analysis

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Background The complex regulatory framework for the quality of herbal medicinal products, in particular with regard to potential contaminants, consists of legal provisions including Pharmacopoeia requirements, relating to limits as well as in most cases to methods for determination. Objective This review intends to provide an overview on the legal requirements for testing potential contaminants in herbal drugs used for the production of herbal medicinal products. Methodology The following issues are described and discussed: For the assessment of pesticide residues, Chapter 2.8.13 of the European Pharmacopoeia and Regulation (EC) 396/2005 applies, for heavy metals the general Pharmacopoeia monograph as well as the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) Q3D guideline on elemental impurities. The Pharmacopoeia also includes limits and acceptance criteria for microbiological purity and aflatoxins, respectively. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are mentioned in Regulation (EC) 1881/2006 for food as well as in a Reflection Paper on herbal medicinal products. For several years, a potential contamination with pyrrolizidine alkaloids was discussed which led to measures being imposed on industry and health authorities. Results Various examples demonstrate that the evaluation of data from daily analytical practice is extremely useful to gain an overview on the occurrence of residues and/or contaminants in herbal drugs and herbal preparations. Such evaluations might assist manufacturers in their individual risk assessment and the definition of their testing strategies and contribute to guarantee the quality and safety of the marketed products. Conclusion Annual data evaluations demonstrate that a remarkable decrease of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid content burden in herbal drugs and extracts used for the production of herbal medicinal products has been achieved over the past few years. However, it has also become clear that this issue cannot be completely solved in the near future.

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Analytical methods for the routinely evaluation of pesticide residues in lemon fruits and by products

et al. 2019

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Citrus fruits and their by-products such as concentrated juices and essential oils are important intermediate by-products in the food industry that can selectively accumulate plant protection agrochemicals employed in their production. They are very difficult matrices for pesticide residue analysis due their high number and concentration of phytochemicals that could hamper the determinations. The fruit processing leads to the concentration/dilution or elimination of some of these natural products that change totally the nature of the matrix where the pesticides partition unevenly. Looking at the industrial process of the fruit, a unified vision for the pesticide residues analysis throughout the lemon fruit chain production, useful for the routine analysis of the above mentioned three matrices is presented. The driven concept is the minimization of matrix effects through sample dilution of the concentrated by-products, either after sample treatment or not. This approach will contribute to the maintenance of the whole instrumental system. QuEChERS AOAC 2007.01 was selected as the most suitable protocol for routine determination of, residues of 16 the pesticides most commonly used in the fruits during the citrus production through liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The same protocol was applied for pesticide residue analysis in concentrated juice after diluting 4 times the sample to minimize the matrix effects. For the analysis of lemon essential oils, the dilution and shoot procedure proved to be useful for LC-MS/MS and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination. The three methodologies were validated following SANTE guidelines, with quantitation limits below the established European Union and Codex Alimentarius maximum residue limits. The developed methodologies are useful tools for the routine control analysis of pesticide residues in lemon matrices, allowing high sample throughput and enhancing labs productivity.

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Pesticide residues in herbal drugs: Evaluation of a database

Cited by 8 publications

References 2 publications

Pesticides in essential oils and selected fragrance extracts. Some examples. A review

Pesticides in essential oils and selected fragrance extracts. Some examples. A review

Challenges in the quality of herbal medicinal products with a specific focus on contaminants

Analytical methods for the routinely evaluation of pesticide residues in lemon fruits and by products

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