Pesticide Toxicity to Earthworms: Exposure, Toxicity and Risk Assessment Methodologies

Stanley, J.; Preetha, G.

doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7752-0_5

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 278 publications

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“…In general, carriers for agrochemicals must be environmentally friendly, biocompatible, stable over long times, and available in substantial quantities at low prices. Thus, if the agrochemical persistence is related to their toxicity, then the breakdown products of pesticides may also be too hazardous for the environment and nontarget organisms; therefore, it is necessary to find the right balance between agrochemical stability/biodegradability, toxicity, and efficiency to meet the demands for agricultural products with environmental responsibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication and Characterization of a Novel Herbicide Delivery System with Magnetic Collectability and Its Phytotoxic Effect on Photosystem II of Aquatic Macrophyte

Forini

Antunes

Cavalcante

et al. 2020

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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The use of nano-and microparticles as a release system for agrochemicals has been increasing in agricultural sector. However, the production of eco-friendly and smart carriers that can be easily handled in the environment is still a challenge for this technology. In this context, we have developed a biodegradable release system for the herbicide atrazine with magnetic properties. Herein, we investigated the (a) physicochemical properties of the atrazine-loaded magnetic poly(ε-caprolactone) microparticles (MPs:ATZ), (b) in vitro release kinetic profile of the herbicide, and (c) phytotoxicity toward photosynthesis in the aquatic fern Azolla caroliniana. The encapsulation efficiency of the herbicide in the MPs:ATZ was ca. 69%, yielding spherical microparticles with a diameter of ca. 100 μm, a sustained-release profile, and easily manipulated with an external magnetic field. Also, phytotoxicity issues showed that the MPs:ATZ maintained their herbicidal activity via inhibition of PSII, showing lower toxicity compared with the nonencapsulated ATZ at 0.01 and 0.02 μmol•L −1 . Therefore, this technology may conveniently promote a novel magnetic controlled release of the herbicide ATZ (with the potential to be collected from a watercourse) and act as a nutrient boost to the nontarget plant, with good herbicidal activity and reduced risk to the environment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication and Characterization of a Novel Herbicide Delivery System with Magnetic Collectability and Its Phytotoxic Effect on Photosystem II of Aquatic Macrophyte

Forini

Antunes

Cavalcante

et al. 2020

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…Earthworms are considered as ecosystem engineers due to their ability to modify physical, chemical and biological properties of soil (Jones et al, 1994;Edwards, 2004;Lavelle et al, 2006). Through their burrowing activity, they are strongly affected by various soil contaminants and they represent relevant indicators to evaluate environmental stresses, soil quality and pollution (Paoletti, 1999;Pelosi et al, 2013a;Stanley and Preetha, 2016). Among earthworm's species used for ecotoxicological studies, there is a growing concern in the inclusion of soil-dwelling species because of their high abundance in temperate agroecosystems, their higher sensitivity to agrochemicals compared with Eisenia sps (Pelosi et al, 2013b;Jouni et al, 2018), and their feeding habits (geophaus) that means a high exposure level to organic pollutants bound to soil organic matter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidating pesticide sensitivity of two endogeic earthworm species through the interplay between esterases and glutathione S-transferases

et al. 2021

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“…As such chemical insecticide was primarily used to manage insect pest population and an increase in yields was realized. However, the extensive, unselective, excessive, and incorrect use of these chemicals insecticide have gravely damaged the ecosystem, extending toxicity and pollution in the environment [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing the effects of crude and refined Mammea americana (Mamey apple) leaf extracts on Doralis symphyti (aphids) on ochro (Hibiscus esculentus) plants

Raghunauth¹,

Bacchus²,

Munroe³

et al. 2021

Magna Sci. Adv. Res. Rev.

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The aphid, Doralis symphyti (Homoptera: Aphididae), a harmful pest of many crops, causes direct damage by consuming all plant parts, reducing plant vigour, and indirect damage by honeydew secretion and transmission of several viruses. Due to the problem of pesticide resistance, alternative techniques for chemical control, such as the use of natural insecticides with minimal effects on the environment and natural enemies also coincide with organic agriculture have been the objective of this research. The effects of Mammea (Mammey americana) leaf extracts on the mortality of aphids were evaluated. The mammey extracts (Crude and refined) were tested in the laboratory (bioassays) at 100%, 90%, 80%, 70% and 60% dilution. The 80% was determined to be the most efficient dilution. The refined extract resulted in 100% mortality at 84 hours while the dry leaf and green leaf extracts gave 100% mortality in 96 hours. In the field, the refined extract resulted in 65% mortality, dry leaf crude extract obtained in 43% mortality and the green leaf crude extract gave 25% mortality. The mamey leaf extracts were efficient against the aphid in the laboratory since 100% mortality was obtained for all treatments. The field study found that the green leaf extract obtained 29% mortality, dry leaf extract achieved 47% mortality and the refined extract attained 63% mortality of aphids.

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Pesticide Toxicity to Earthworms: Exposure, Toxicity and Risk Assessment Methodologies

Cited by 6 publications

References 278 publications

Fabrication and Characterization of a Novel Herbicide Delivery System with Magnetic Collectability and Its Phytotoxic Effect on Photosystem II of Aquatic Macrophyte

Fabrication and Characterization of a Novel Herbicide Delivery System with Magnetic Collectability and Its Phytotoxic Effect on Photosystem II of Aquatic Macrophyte

Elucidating pesticide sensitivity of two endogeic earthworm species through the interplay between esterases and glutathione S-transferases

Comparing the effects of crude and refined Mammea americana (Mamey apple) leaf extracts on Doralis symphyti (aphids) on ochro (Hibiscus esculentus) plants

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