Pesticide Transport in Shallow Groundwater

Leonard, R. A.; Shirmohammadi, Adel; Johnson, A. W.; Marti, L. R.

doi:10.13031/2013.30782

Cited by 25 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The variables and parameters of PRZM 3.12 are summarized in Table 1 Some parameters, including crop practices (e.g., the date of crop emergence and harvest, maximum coverage area, and interception storage of the crop), water management strategies (e.g., irrigation date and methods, precipitation events and intensity), and chemical application (e.g., pesticide application date, rate, and efficiency), were measured from field experiments. Other parameters, for example, the Universal Soil Loss Equation erodibility parameter, Manning's roughness coefficient, and the pesticide decay rate in water, soil, and plant leaves, were derived from other calculations within PRZM, empirical estimation, the PRZM 3.12 manual, or other related literature (Leonard et al, 1988; Cheng, 1990; Jury et al, 1991; Rossi Pisa et al, 1994; Tomlin, 1994; Sanchez‐Camazano et al, 1995; Donatelli et al, 1996; Kum et al, 1996; Carsel et al, 1998; Elliott et al, 2000; FOCUS, 2000; Eckersten et al, 2001; Miao et al, 2003). For example, the K d values for metolachlor, atrazine, and terbuthylazine are the average values given by Tomlin (1994)…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the Effects of Tillage Management Practices on Herbicide Runoff in Northern Italy

et al. 2004

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The need to quantitatively predict pesticide runoff and erosion under cropping system management has gained increasing importance. In Europe, predictive models have not yet been fully validated because of the lack of field data sets. The objective of this study was to validate the capability of PRZM (Pesticide Root Zone Model) 3.12 to predict water runoff, sediment erosion, and associated transport of atrazine (6-chloro-N(2)-ethyl-N(4)-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), terbuthylazine (N(2)-tert-butyl-6-chloro-N(4)-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), and metolachlor [2-chloro-6'-ethyl-N-(2-methoxy-l-methylethyl)acet-o-toluidide] under common tillage management practices found in northern Italy. A 2-yr field data set was used to evaluate the model. Results showed that the model could qualitatively simulate significant differences of water runoff, soil erosion, and associated herbicide losses between conventional tillage (CT) and minimum tillage (MT) for a winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cover crop. For MT, water runoff, soil erosion, herbicide losses in water runoff and eroded sediment, and the proportion of herbicide loss via sediment erosion were significantly lower than for CT. The model failed to correctly simulate event-based herbicide concentration, water runoff, and soil erosion. The model usually underestimated pesticide runoff events with high rainfall intensity and low daily precipitation volume, and overestimated runoff events with low intensity and high volume. The main reason was that the description of runoff and erosion processes is rather empirical in the model and not physically based. Moreover, model calculations do not adequately reflect the relationships between soil erosion intensity and chemical concentration in sediment losses, leading to discrepancies between predictions and field observations.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the Effects of Tillage Management Practices on Herbicide Runoff in Northern Italy

et al. 2004

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“…In soil, it is rapidly oxidised to fenamiphos sulphoxide, which is slowly oxidised into fenamiphos sulphone (Leonard et al, 1998). Both the primary oxidation products, fenamiphos sulphoxide and fenamiphos sulphone, have nematicidal activity and toxicity similar to that of fenamiphos (Waggoner & Khasawinah, 1974), with both products being more mobile (Bilkert & Rao, 1985) and persistent (Ou & Rao, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerated Microbial Degradation of Nematicides in Vineyard and Orchard Soils

Hugo

Mouton²,

Malan

2016

SAJEV

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Accelerated microbial degradation (AMD) of organophosphate and carbamate nematicides is a phenomenon whereby biodegradation in the soil is increased, leading to a dramatically shortened persistence of nematicides. More intensified agriculture practices in South Africa in response to the future demand for food may lead to increased pest and disease pressure, which in turn will lead to more frequent pesticide application. The same principle applies to plant-parasitic nematode control practices, and the overuse and misuse will have a pronounced effect on the enhancement of AMD. With limited management options available, the responsible use of nematicides becomes more pertinent. Producers should be aware of the problems associated with multiple soil applications of organophosphates and carbamates against plant-parasitic nematodes. This article reviews factors contributing to the AMD of carbamate and organophosphate nematicides in soil and makes practical recommendations to avoid the occurrence of AMD in vineyard and orchards.

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“…Based on Koc. values (distribution over organic C and water), atrazine (Koc \02-163) is classified as moderately to slightly mobile (Leonard, Shirmohammadi, Johnson & Marti, 1988). Huber, Scheunert, Dorfler & Frimmel, 1993) reported that the mobility of terbuthylazine could be strongly influenced by interactions with soil organic matter, as well as by organic carbon dissolved in ground water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple regression models for the qualitative prediction of atrazine and terbuthylazine leaching

Reinhardt

Hugo

1997

South African Journal of Plant and Soil

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Leaching of atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N '-(methylethyl)-1 ,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] and terbuthylazine [6-chloro-N-(1, 1-dimethylethyl)-N'-ethyl-1 ,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] was studied in 23 soils by means of the soil thick-layer leaching method. The equivalent of 4 kg ai ha-1 0f both herbicides was leached with water equivalent to 129 mm rain. Distances leached were measured qualitatively in bioassays with the test plant Trifolium repens L. Leaching distances in different soils varied from 6-20 cm for atrazine, and from 2-16 cm for terbuthylazine. Atrazine leached at least 10 cm in 13 soils, while terbuthylazine did not move from the zone of application in 12 soils . Of the five soil properties assessed by means of simple regression, organic matter content (% C) and P-reversion were significantly correlated with the leaching distance of atrazine, and % C with the mobility of terbuthylazine . Relationships between herbicide leaching and either total clay content or soil pH were relatively weak. The combination of organic matter content and soil pH in multiple regression analysis gave the best prediction of leaching for atrazine (R = 0.85) and terbuthylazine (R = 0.42). It is suggested that the regression models incorporating % C and pH be used for rapid ranking of soils regarding their leaching indices for the two compounds . The models may prove useful for preliminary identification of soils which are prone to leaching of the herbicides.Die loging van atrasien [6-chloor-N-etiel-N' -(metieletiel)-1 ,3,5-triasien-2,4-diamien) en terbutielasien [6-chloor-N-(1, 1-dimetieletiel)-N'-etiel-1 ,3,5-triasien-2,4-diamien) is in 23 grondsoorte deur mid del van die grond-diklaagmetode ondersoek. Die ekwivalent van 4 kg ab ha-1 van beide onkruiddoders is met 'n volume water ekwivalent aan 129 mm reen geloog . Logingsafstande in die verskillende gronde is in biotoetse met die toetsplant Trifolium rep ens L. gemeet. Logingsafstande in verskillende gronde het vanaf 6-20 cm vir atrasien, en 2-16 cm vir terbutielasien , gevarieer. Eersgenoemde onkruiddoder het minstens 10 cm in 13 gronde geloog, terwyl laasgenoemde by 12 gronde nie uit die sone van toediening beweeg het nie. Van die vyf grondeienskappe wat deur middel van eenvoudige regressie beoordeel is, was organiese materiaalinhoud (% C) en P-reversie betekenisvol met die logingsafstand van atrasien, en % C met die loging van terbutielasien , gekorreleer. Vir beide onkruiddoders was die verwantskappe tussen loging en totale klei-inhoud 6f grond-pH relatief swak. Die kombinasie van organiese materiaalinhoud en grond-pH in 'n meervoudige regressievergelyking het die loging van atrasien (R = 0.85) en terbutielasien (R = 0.42) die beste voorspel. Hierdie modelle word vir voorlopige indeling van gronde volgens hul logingsindekse vir atrasien en terbutielasien aanbeveel. Die mode lie mag nuttig wees vir identifisering van gronde waar die logingspotensiaal van die twee onkruiddoders hoog is.

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Pesticide Transport in Shallow Groundwater

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

Modeling the Effects of Tillage Management Practices on Herbicide Runoff in Northern Italy

Modeling the Effects of Tillage Management Practices on Herbicide Runoff in Northern Italy

Accelerated Microbial Degradation of Nematicides in Vineyard and Orchard Soils

Simple regression models for the qualitative prediction of atrazine and terbuthylazine leaching

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