Pesticides Import, Use, Consumption and Residue Status Among Food Crops in Nepal: A Review

Abstract

Insubstantial options for chemical pest management compelled farmers to use synthetic pesticides against crop insect pests that created vicious circle of increasing high-dose-pesticides applications in agriculture sector. The study was carried out to understand prevailing situation of pesticides uses and their state regulation status. Secondary data were obtained from Plant Protection Division, Plant Management and Registration Division, and FAOSTAT for drawing inferences and trend analysis. Chemical pest management commenced from using Paris green, Gamaxone, Nicotine sulphate and Chlorinated hydrocarbons in 1950s to 117 chemically defined pesticides including bio-pesticides and bio-rational compounds of 2186 formulations from 1960s to 2018 has made obvious changes in pest management scenario in the country. Per hectare pesticide consumption in Nepal is 396.0 gram (a.i.) while in commercial vegetable sector its consumption is as high as 1,600 gram a.i. per hectare. Option dearth but farmers' reliability only in chemical applications in pest management in crop fields has resulted in repercussion of vicious circle of compelled higher dose pesticide applications in crops. Obvious result is scores of multitudes of pesticides crowded in market in the country. Above all, problems of pesticide residues in food grains and green vegetables are emerging.

Knowledge on Pesticide Handling Practices and Factors Affecting Adoption of Personal Protective Equipment: A Case of Farmers from Nepal

“…It has been estimated that the pesticide use pattern in Nepal is increasing by 10-20% every year [11]. e substantial increase in pesticide consumption is due to the dependency of agricultural crops and their productivity on synthetic pesticides [12].…”

Temperature-Dependent Functional Response of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on the Eggs of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Laboratory

“…In last years, pesticide use has considerably increased in China [ 12 , 13 , 14 ], corresponding to over 60% of the pesticide applied worldwide [ 11 ]. Resistance evolution is a major challenge associated with pesticides among other challenges for health and the environment [ 15 , 16 ]. Spodoptera litura has been shown to be resistant to a range of chemicals, and is ranked among the top ten most resistant insect pests of the world, with 638 reported case of resistance against 39 active ingredients [ 17 ].…”

Assessment of Neurotoxic Pesticides Residues in Fruits and Vegetables by Bioassay Technique

“…In the context of Nepal, no extensive studies on pesticide residues in fruits, grains and vegetables has been carried out. Threat from pesticide residue is blooming, with the increasing use of pesticides on vegetables [31]. Previous studies have shown pesticide residues on vegetables [32][33][34].…”