Pesticides in the atmosphere

Scharf, Janik; Wiesiollek, R.; Bächmann, K.

doi:10.1007/bf00322140

Cited by 32 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Desalkyl triazines were reported before as products in rain samples (19,24,55). On the other hand, to our knowledge ketones of triazines (as TBA-ACE), as one of the main products of the OH reaction, were never reported before in field studies.…”

Section: Calculation Of the Oh Rate Constant Of Tba On The Aerosolmentioning

confidence: 92%

OH Radical Reactivity of Airborne Terbuthylazine Adsorbed on Inert Aerosol

Palm

Elend

Krueger

et al. 1997

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The reaction of terbuthylazine (TBA) with OH radicals was investigated in an aerosol smog chamber (2400 L). TBA was adsorbed well below a monolayer on silicon dioxide as inert carrier. OH radicals were produced from hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide. The OH concentrations span a region of 10 5 e c OH /cm -3 e 10 7 and were monitored by the consumption of butane, 2,2dimethylbutane, pentafluorobenzene, 2,2,4,4-tetramethylbutane, and toluene as reference compounds. The OH rate constant of TBA obtained from nine smog chamber runs at T ) 300 K on the aerosol is k OH (TBA) ) (1.1 ( 0.2) × 10 -11 cm 3 s -1 . Beside the OH reaction, a loss path not initiated by OH radicals was found (k ) (1.9 ( 0.5) × 10 -5 s -1 ), which can be explained only in part by loss processes observed in the dark. Using the OH rate constant determined on the aerosol as an estimate for the corresponding OH reaction in the environment, a half-life of about 1 day (with OH concentrations of 5-10 × 10 5 cm -3 ) is obtained. Using the UV spectrum of TBA in hexane or in aqueous solution and known sunlight intensities a negligible loss by direct irradiation can be estimated. Furthermore, the ozone reactivity at T ) 300 K was measured to be negligible, too (k O3 (TBA) e 5 × 10 -19 cm 3 s -1 ). Hence, abiotic degradation of TBA in the environment (and assumed for all other chlorotriazines) is mainly attributed to OH radicals in the atmosphere. The main product of the OH radical reaction found on the aerosol is the corresponding acetyl-TBA, in addition to the des-alkylation product desethyl-TBA. τ )1

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Section: Calculation Of the Oh Rate Constant Of Tba On The Aerosolmentioning

confidence: 92%

OH Radical Reactivity of Airborne Terbuthylazine Adsorbed on Inert Aerosol

Palm

Elend

Krueger

et al. 1997

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Oberwalder et al [3] observed in 1988 up to 1.23 pg/L of terbuthylazine and up to 1.1 1 pg/L of atrazine in Hohenheim (near Stuttgart, southern Germany), which is surrounded by agricultural area. Scharf et al [9] and Siebers et al [I91 found only relatively low concentrations of terbuthylazine (up to 0.03pg/L) in rain water in 1990 to 1992 in different parts of Germany. The concentrations of atrazine were higher (up to 0.135 pg/L), but still relatively low compared to the concentrations observed at our sites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terbuthylazine and Deethylterbuthylazine in Rain and Surface Water – Determination by Enzyme Immunoassay and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Dankwardt

Thurman

Hock

1997

Acta hydrochim. hydrobiol.

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Rain and surface water samples from Southern Germany were investigated from 1991 to 1995 for terbuthylazine and one of its major metabolites, deethylterbuthylazine. The concentrations observed were compared to the concentrations found for atrazine and deethylatrazine in the same water samples. Concentrations ranged from < 0.02 pg/L to 0.7 pg/L for terbuthylazine and from < 0.02 pg/L to 0.6 pg/L for deethylterbuthylazine, compared to concentrations of < 0.02 pg/L to 3 pg/L and < 0.02 pg/L to 0.5 pg/L for atrazine and deethylatrazine, respectively. The ratios of metabolite concentrations to parent compound concentrations were calculated for deethylterbuthylazine to terbuthylazine ( D T R ) and deethylatrazine to atrazine (DAR). In rain water, D T R of 0.8 ... 3.0 and DAR of 0.3 ... 1.9 were determined with mean values of 0.9 ... 1.7 for D T R and 0.6 ... 0.9 for DAR in the different years. The ratios increased during summer periods. The highest ratios were observed in samples from forest stands, showing that degradation of the herbicide has occurred during transport between the source and the sampling site. The D T R in rain water were about 50 ... 100'%1 higher than the DAR. This indicates a higher degradation rate of terbuthylazine during atmospheric transport. In surface water, D T R of 0.3.. . 1.2 with mean values of 0.5 ... 0.8 and DAR of 0.2 ... 2.2 with mean values of 0.2.. . I .3 were observed. The ratios increased from June to September. Zusammenfassung: Regenwasser und Oberflachengewisser aus Suddeutschland wurden von 1991 bis 1995 auf Terbuthylazin und einen seiner Hauptmetaboliten, Desethylterbuthylazin, untersucht. Die ermittelten Konzentrationen wurden mit Atrazin-und Desethylatrazinkonzentrationen der gleichen Proben verglichen. Fur Terbuthylazin waren Konzentrationen von <0.02 pg/L bis 0.7 pg/L feststellbar, fur Desethylterbuthylazin < 0.02 pg/L bis 0.6 pg/L. Fur Atrazin ergaben sich Konzentrationen bis zu 3 pg/L und fur Desethylatrazin bis 0.5 ~lg/L. Fur die beiden Triazine wurden die Verhaltnisse der Konzentrationen von Metaboliten zu Ursprungsverbindungen (Desethylterbuthylazin-zu-Terbuthylazin-Verhaltnis, DTR, und Desethylatrazin-zu-Atrazin-Verhaltnis, DAR) berechnet. Im Regenwasser wurden DTR von 0.8 ... 3.0 und DAR von 0.3 ... 1.9 bestimmt. Die mittleren Werte betrugen in den verschiedenen Jahren 0.9.. . I .7 fur D T R und 0.6.. .0.9 fur DAR. Das Verhaltnis von Metaboliten zu Ursprungsverbindungen nahm im Lauf des Sommers zu. Die hochsten Werte traten dabei in Proben von Waldstandorten auf. Das weist auf einen Abbau der Herbizide auf dem Weg vom Applikationsort zur Probenahmestelle hin. Die D T R im Regen waren etwa 50.. .1000/0 hoher als die DAR. Das 1aBt auf eine hohere Abbaurate des Terbuthylazins wahrend des atmosphiirischen Transports schlieBen. im Oberflachenwasser wurden DTR von 0.3.. . I .2 mit mittleren Werten von 0.5 ... 0.8 und DAR von 0.2 ... 2.2 rnit mittleren Werten von 0.2.. . I .3 festgestellt. Das Verhaltnis von Metabolit zu Ursprungsverbindung stieg von Juni bis September an.

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“…These substances usually occur at very low levels, which poses a significant analytical challenge. Consequently, additional sample preparation steps are usually required, including analyte preconcentration (Bucheli et al 1997;Largiuni et al 2002;Polkowska 2006;Thomas 1986;Duinker and Bouchertall 1989;Agrell et al 2002;Van Maanen et al 2001;Scharf et al 1992;Huskes and Levsen 1997;Chevreuil and Garmouma 1993;Trautner et al 1992), matrix exchange (Bucheli et al 1997;Largiuni et al 2002;Polkowska 2006;Thomas 1986;Duinker and Bouchertall 1989;Agrell et al 2002;Van Maanen et al 2001;Scharf et al 1992; Huskes and Levsen 1997; Chevreuil and Garmouma 1993;Trautner et al 1992), or analyte derivatization (Seidl 2000;Largiuni et al 2002). Presented in the following text are examples of the levels of selected species found in atmospheric precipitation, surface condensation, and direct deposition, as well as runoff samples collected in Europe and around the world.…”

Section: Analytes Determined In Precipitation and Deposition Samplesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Determination of atmospheric pollutants in wet deposition

2011

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Water is transferred from the atmosphere to the land surface mainly via various forms of atmospheric precipitation, but the contribution of surface condensation and direct deposition (e.g., dew, hoar frost, occult precipitation, etc.) should not be neglected. Wet deposition (including surface condensation and direct deposition) scavenges pollutants from the atmosphere and contributes significantly to their transport. The composition of the runoff formed on contact with various surfaces might be further modified by the components of dry deposition collected on these surfaces or by substances leaching from the surfaces themselves. Samples of wet precipitation or direct deposition might be good indicators of the state of the atmospheric environment and can be used to trace the migration of chemicals emitted from various sources, including anthropogenic ones. This paper discusses the unique challenges present at every stage of the analytical procedures used for the determination of the pollutants in atmospheric precipitation and deposition. A brief review of the results of pollutant and toxicity determination in samples of various forms of atmospheric precipitation and (or) deposition is also included, together with a discussion of the application of chemometric techniques for data interpretation. The aim of this paper is to help interested readers discover the field of pollutant determination in wet deposition and to broaden the scope of their existing research.Résumé : Le transfert de l'eau de l'atmosphère à la surface terrestre s'effectue surtout via diverses formes de précipitations atmosphériques, mais on ne doit pas négliger la contribution de la condensation ou déposition en surface (rosée, frima, pré-cipitations occultes, etc.). La déposition humide (incluant la condensation de surface et la déposition directe) ramasse les polluants de l'atmosphère et contribue significativement à leur transport. La composition de l'écoulement formé au contact avec diverses surfaces peut être encore modifiée par des composantes de dépôts secs accumulées sur ces surfaces ou par des substances lessivées à partir des surfaces elles-mêmes. Les échantillons de dépôts directs ou précipitations humides peuvent constituer de bons indicateurs de l'état de l'environnement atmosphérique et peuvent être utilisés suivre la migration des substances chimiques émises à partir de diverses sources, incluant celles d'origine anthropique. On discute les défis uniques rencontrés aux différentes étapes des procédés analytiques utilisés pour déterminer les polluants des dépôts et des précipita-tions atmosphériques. On inclut également une brève revue des résultats de la détermination des polluants et de leur toxicité dans des échantillons de diverses formes de précipitation ou déposition, ainsi qu'une discussion de l'application des techniques chémométrique pour l'interprétation des données. Le but de cette revue vise à aider les lecteurs intéressés à prendre connaissance du champ de la détermination des polluants dans les dépositions humides et d'...

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Pesticides in the atmosphere

Cited by 32 publications

References 0 publications

OH Radical Reactivity of Airborne Terbuthylazine Adsorbed on Inert Aerosol

OH Radical Reactivity of Airborne Terbuthylazine Adsorbed on Inert Aerosol

Terbuthylazine and Deethylterbuthylazine in Rain and Surface Water – Determination by Enzyme Immunoassay and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Determination of atmospheric pollutants in wet deposition

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