Pesticides in the lower atmosphere of the Northern equatorial Atlantic Ocean

Seba, Douglas B.; Prospero, Joseph M.

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(71)90004-7

Cited by 40 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Estimates of deposition (mg ha-') over the Chesapeake Bay area ranged from 90 to 120 for simazine, 540 to 1,030 for atrazine, and 2,050 to 8,200 for alachlor. Deposition of globally transported organochlorine insecticides by rainfall, snowfall, and dustfall has been well documented [7,8]. The subject has also been extensively reviewed in recent years [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric deposition of pesticides in a small southern saskatchewan watershed

Waite

Sommerstad

Grover

et al. 1995

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

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Weekly atmospheric deposition samples were collected from early May to early September during 1984 to 1987 in a small agricultural watershed near Regina, Saskatchewan, an area in the midst of extensive agricultural pesticide use in the Canadian prairies. “Bulk” deposition samples were collected weekly in duplicate and analyzed for six herbicides (bromoxynil, 2,4–D, dicamba, diclofop, triallate, and trifluralin) and five insecticides (carbaryl, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, and dimethoate). In general, no significant differences were found among the duplicate samples. Over the 4‐year period, the frequency of weekly detection of herbicides during the growing seasons was 0, 32, 39, 53, 58, and 67% for trifluralin, bromoxynil, triallate, diclofop, dicamba, and 2,4–D, respectively. For insecticides, only carbaryl and carbofuran were detected in one to two samples in the years for which the insecticides were analyzed. This infrequent detection reflected the relatively high detection limits set for the insecticides as compared to those for the herbicides. The seasonal herbicide atmospheric deposits during the growing period over the 4‐year period (mg ha−1) ranged from 90 to 234 (bromoxynil), 386 to 1,374 (2,4‐D), 20 to 219 (dicamba), 43 to 338 (diclofop), and 9 to 260 (triallate). Highest deposition rates were measured during and immediately following the spraying periods, with lesser, but significant, amounts also being detected during the harvest operations in August.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric deposition of pesticides in a small southern saskatchewan watershed

Waite

Sommerstad

Grover

et al. 1995

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

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“…A recent study found exposure to chlorothalonil at one one-thousandth of levels commonly found in the environment resulted in mortality to tadpoles of all four frog species tested and endocrine disruption was indicated [51]. Low levels of toxins, including chlorothalonil [52], can be carried far from the application site in moist weather fronts [53]. Predictably [49,50], the increased prevalence of reproductive malformations corresponded to increased chlorothalonil use in states up wind of our area.…”

Section: Why Did the Prevalence Of Brachygnathia Superior Suddenly Inmentioning

confidence: 72%

Observations of brachygnathia superior (underbite) in wild ruminates in Western Montana, USA

Hoy¹,

Haas²,

Hoy³

et al. 2011

Wildl. Biol. Pract.

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Beginning spring of 1995 until present, unusual developmental malformations have been observed on many species of vertebrate and documented on individuals of four species of wild ruminates. The most frequently observed of a variety of skeletal anomalies is brachygnathia superior, also called mandibular prognathia or more commonly, underbite, caused by underdevelopment in length and width of the premaxillary bone forward of the premolars. Facial anatomy was examined for bone and tooth malformations on 724 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) that were accident-killed or died of natural causes between January 1996 and December 2009 in northern Ravalli County in the Bitterroot Valley of west-central, Montana, USA. Smaller samples (145 total) of hunter-killed elk (Cervis canadensis), mule deer (O. hemionus) and pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) from throughout Montana were examined for facial malformations in 2005-09. Incidences of underbite increased from none observed prior to spring of 1995 to more than 35% in 8 of 9 years since 2000 and over 70% in 2008 and 2009. This abnormality appeared abruptly, vastly exceeding expected and previously documented percentages in wild ruminates, and is a characteristic symptom of congenital hypothyroidism. Our data strongly indicates widespread interference with maternal and fetal thyroid hormone function has been occurring in wild ruminants in Montana since autumn 1994

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“…In addition to the ease with which droplets can be carried in the wind and air currents, most pesticides are volatile and can be carried in the vapour phase for extremely long distances. Pesticides have been found in places far distant from where any pesticide had been applied, such as in ocean fog (Schomburg and Glotfelty, 1991); in arctic snow (Gregor and Gummer, 1989;Bidleman et al, 1990;Gregor, 1990); and, in the Atlantic Ocean (Seba and Prospero, 1971;Graham and Duce, 1982). An investigation in Oregon showed that soil samples taken from the coastal mountains 64 km.…”

Section: Pesticide Movement In the Atmospherementioning

confidence: 97%