Pests of Economic Plants in Samoa and other Island Groups

Hopkins, G. H. E.

doi:10.1017/s0007485300019647

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…However, considerable further research is required to i) establish the host range of the parasitoid, ii) understand the importance of possible alternative hosts in Samoa (e.g. Nacoleia octasema (Meyrick), Eudocima fullonia (Clerck), Hippotion celerio (L.) and Agrius convolvuli (L.), all are common in Samoa (Hopkins, 1928;Kami and Miller, 1998;Sands et al, 1993) and recorded as hosts of T. chilonis elsewhere in the Pacific), iii) determine whether thelytokous as well arrhenotokous forms occur within the Samoan population, iv) develop suitable mass production techniques and appropriate release strategies and v) promote the adoption of low insecticide input pest management strategies to encourage T. chilonis establishment and maximize its impact on pest populations in commercial crops. Furlong et al (2004b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichogramma chilonis Ishii: A potential biological control agent of Crocidolomia pavonana in Samoa

Uelese¹,

Ridland²,

Stouthamer

et al. 2014

Biological Control

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Please cite this article as: Uelese, A., Ridland, P.M., Stouthamer, R., He, Y-r., Ang, G., Zalucki, M.P., Furlong, M.J., Trichogramma chilonis Ishii: a potential biological control agent of Crocidolomia pavonana in Samoa, Biological Control (2014), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.biocontrol.2014.03.011 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. chilonis in Samoa. A three-year field recruitment study showed that although C.pavonana eggs occurred at all times of the year, their abundance was greatest during drier periods. Parasitism of C. pavonana egg masses by T. chilonis was variable (0-87% of egg masses attacked) but the parasitoid was recovered from eggs collected at all times of the year and it is well established in the major Brassica growing regions of the island of Upolu. When partial lifetables were constructed for C. pavonana, the rate of egg disappearance (likely due to predation and the physical effects of rainfall) ranged from 0 to 0.839 and the marginal rate of mortality due to T. chilonis ranged from 0 to 0.474.When it was present, T. chilonis was the major mortality factor affecting C. pavonana eggs in all but one of the recruitment studies. The historical problems surrounding the identity and species status of T. chilonis are discussed and its host range and distribution in the Asia-Pacific region is reviewed briefly. Finally, the potential of this population of T. chilonis for development as a biological control agent of C. pavonana is considered.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichogramma chilonis Ishii: A potential biological control agent of Crocidolomia pavonana in Samoa

Uelese¹,

Ridland²,

Stouthamer

et al. 2014

Biological Control

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“…Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou, 1841) = Bacillus crouanii Le Guillou, 1841 [91] = Graeffea coccophaga (Newport, 1844) [92] = Graeffia coccophaga incorrect subsequent spelling of genus by Hopkins [93] = Graeffia coccophagus incorrect subsequent spelling by Simmonds [94] Unlike the early reports of Diapheromera femorata that are in their own way poetic, the earliest reports of Graeffea crouanii are short and terse, perhaps due to them being reported by visiting and stationed entomologists rather than the landowners directly. Veitch and Greenwood [95] list the species "as being of some considerable importance" on the cocoanut[sic], Cocos nucifera on Fiji.…”

Section: Didymuria Violescens (Leach 1814) = Phasma Violescens Leachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hopkins [93] spent 2 years on Samoa working on filariasis for the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine with P.A. Buxton, studying agricultural pests that came their way, admitting their "observations make no claim to completeness, they are perhaps worthy of publication in view of the scarcity of records from this group of islands".…”

Section: Didymuria Violescens (Leach 1814) = Phasma Violescens Leachmentioning

confidence: 99%

The worldwide status of phasmids (Insecta: Phasmida) as pests of agriculture and forestry, with a generalised theory of phasmid outbreaks

Baker

2015

Agric & Food Secur

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Stick insects have been reported as significant phytophagous pests of agricultural and timber crops since the 1880s in North America, China, Australia and Pacific Islands. Much of the early literature comes from practical journals for farmers, and even twentieth Century reports can be problematic to locate. Unlike the plaguing Orthoptera, there has been no synthesis of the pest status of this enigmatic order of insects. This paper provides a literature synthesis of those species known to cause infestation or that are known to damage plants of economic importance; summarises historical and modern techniques for infestation management; and lists known organisms with potential for use as biological control agents. A generalised theory of outbreaks is presented and suggestions for future research efforts are made.

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“…The use of ' associated with ' in this paper refers to cases where a stick-insect was taken on the same species of plant on more than one occasion in the daytime, but without any definite evidence of feeding. As palm-feeding Phasmatids appear all to be nocturnal (unlike the pest species on eucalypts in Australia) attempts were made to discover hosts by torchlight observations at night (vide Hopkins, 1927), but this did no more than confirm daytime food-plant records.…”

Section: Notes On Phasmatids Feeding On or Associated With Monocotymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Those in Fiji are referred to by Jepson (1911, p. 41), Simmonds (1936;1938, p. 22), Lever (1944Lever ( , 1947, O'Connor (1949O'Connor ( , 1959, O'Connor, Pillai & Singh (1954), Hinckley (unpublished)) and more recently by Pillai (unpublished) and Singh (unpublished). In Samoa the stick-insects were studied by Swezey (1924) and Hopkins (1927); in Wallis and Futuna Islands and New Caledonia by Cohic (1950Cohic ( , 1956Cohic ( , 1959 and in the New Hebrides by Risbec (1937).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigations for the biological control in Fiji of the coconut stick-insect Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou)

Paine¹

1968

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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The stick-insect Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou) is a pest of coconuts of local and sporadic importance in the south Pacific and there have been recent outbreaks on Taveuni Island, in the Fiji group. As there appear to be virtually no parasites of the nymphal stages, a preliminary search was made in 1960 for parasites of other palm-feeding Phasmatids in Melanesia. This revealed the presence of Tachinidae parasitising species of the genera Ophicrania and Megacrania, and in 1963–64 these were studied in the Solomon Islands. The Tachinidae comprise at least two species of Mycteromyiella: M. laetifica (Mesnil) attacking both O. leveri Günth. and a species of Megacrania in the western Solomons, and M. phasmatophaga Crosskey attacking 0. leveri and some other Phasmatid hosts on Guadalcanal. The early stages of both species of Mycteromyiella are briefly described and compared, with notes on their bionomics. There was no evidence of any egg parasite attacking Ophicrania in the Solomons.O. leveri, which is very closely related to G. crouanii, has never caused significant damage to coconuts in the Solomon Islands, except on the small island of Savo, from which its Tachinid parasites appear to be absent. It is concluded that Mycteromyiella, especially M. laetifica, which appears to be fairly specific, may be an important factor in the control of O. leveri in the Solomons.The principal hosts of O. leveri are the sago palm (Metroxylon salomonense) and species of arecoid palms in the forest, on all of which the insect has better scope for concealment than on coconuts. Collections of nearly 6,000 examples of O. leveri from sago palm on Kolombangara island, in the western Solomons, in August 1963-February 1964 showed an average parasitism by Mycteromyiella laetifica of 28 per cent. Eggs of the Tachinid are laid on nymphs of all instars as well as on adults. The host-survival rate was about 30 per cent, for nymphs and 50 per cent, for adults.A small number of parasitised specimens of O. leveri from Kolombangara were released on Savo, but there was no evidence six months later that M. laetifica had become established there.Breeding trials at Honiara showed that O. leveri could be reared successfully in captivity but not M. laetifica, which shows reluctance to mate in cages and has a narrow range of environmental tolerance in the pupal stage, in which a mortality of at least 70 per cent, seems unavoidable under the conditions practicable for transportation of this stage by air.Between October 1963 and March 1964 nearly 960 puparia of M. laetifica were sent to Fiji. About half of them were used for breeding trials, which showed that the Tachinid could be reared through G. crouanii in captivity but could not be maintained. The rest were released on Taveuni, but a further outbreak of G. crouanii during 1965 yielded no evidence that M. laetifica had become established.Material of M. phasmatophaga, which has a more restricted choice of environment than M. laetifica, but also a somewhat greater potentiality for killing its host, was obtained by exposing O. leveri on seedling coconut palms planted in the forest at Honiara. Quantities were insufficient for transmission to Fiji; 150 parasitised hosts were released on Savo but samples of O. leveri collected there six months later gave no indication of its establishment.Despite this initial failure, it is considered that Mycteromyiella could bring about the control of G. crouanii in Fiji and other affected Pacific islands, and the means by which this might be achieved are discussed.

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Pests of Economic Plants in Samoa and other Island Groups

Cited by 17 publications

References 3 publications

Trichogramma chilonis Ishii: A potential biological control agent of Crocidolomia pavonana in Samoa

Trichogramma chilonis Ishii: A potential biological control agent of Crocidolomia pavonana in Samoa

The worldwide status of phasmids (Insecta: Phasmida) as pests of agriculture and forestry, with a generalised theory of phasmid outbreaks

Investigations for the biological control in Fiji of the coconut stick-insect Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou)

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