Pet-Assisted Therapy for Delirium and Agitation in Hospitalized Patients with Neurocognitive Impairment: A Review of Literature

Sheikh, Abu Baker; Javed, Nismat; Leyba, Katarina; Khair, Ali Hamza; Ijaz, Zainab; Dar, Aimen Asim; Hanif, Hamza; Farooq, Asif; Shekhar, Rahul

doi:10.3390/geriatrics6040096

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…In fact, the group of treated subjects had a slowdown in cognitive decline, an increase in functional daily life skills (compared to controls that showed a deterioration) and a reduction in behavioral and stress disorders. In the following years, other studies conducted on small groups of patients confirmed these findings, including, among other things, a reduction in pathological behaviors (particularly in daytime hours), reduced agitation and an increase in some socializing behaviors (smiles, interactions and verbalization) [ 25 , 26 ]. However, the sporadicity of studies in this field and the presence of various methodological problems have, as a consequence, caused there to still be no certainty regarding the specific effects of AAT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Effects of Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT) in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Case Study

Gregorini

Canio²,

Palmucci³

et al. 2022

Healthcare

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by cortical dementia and irreversibly progressive developments leading to a vegetative state and, finally, to death. Although many aspects of its etiology, diagnosis and treatment still remain obscure and the current approach to the disease mostly suffers from limited and low-efficiency therapeutic means, nevertheless, recent interventions have aimed at improving patients’ quality of life through nonpharmacological approaches, including animal-assisted therapy (AAT), arousing growing interest. In order to assess the physiological and neuropsychological effects of AAT on AD, 24 residents of a rest house in northern Italy were enrolled. The intervention consisted of one 45-minute AAT session per week over ten weeks. Twelve residents (six AD and six non-AD) received AAT and twelve (six AD and six non-AD) were controls. In order to evaluate the physiological and clinical effect of AAT on AD residents, three cardiac parameters, including the systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, were measured. Moreover, the neurocognitive and depressive states were assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination and the Geriatric Depression Scale, respectively. Analyses were performed by a four-way ANOVA model (including two ways for repeated measures) considering each main effect and interaction possible in the design. Our findings, despite the small sample size, suggest that AAT has a positive significant effect on physiological parameters and neurocognitive impairment, while no effect was observed on the depression level.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Effects of Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT) in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Case Study

Gregorini

Canio²,

Palmucci³

et al. 2022

Healthcare

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“…Recent advances in objective assessment tools for POD include glucose metabolism evaluation via positron emission tomography (PET) [ 7 ], neuroimaging techniques [ 8 ], and electroencephalography (EEG) [ 9 ]. Despite their potential, the implementation of such tools, especially EEG, in clinical settings remains inconsistent, reflecting the need for more reliable indicators tailored for pediatric patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between pediatric postoperative delirium and regional cerebral oxygen saturation: a prospective observational study

Liu,

Lin,

Jin

et al. 2024

BMC Psychiatry

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Background Postoperative delirium (POD) represents a prevalent and noteworthy complication in the context of pediatric surgical interventions. In recent times, a hypothesis has emerged positing that cerebral ischemia and regional cerebral oxygen desaturation might serve as potential catalysts in the pathogenesis of POD. The primary aim of this study was to methodically examine the potential relationship between POD and regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) and to assess the predictive and evaluative utility of rSO2 in the context of POD. Methods This prospective observational study was conducted at the Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China, spanning the period from November 2020 to March 2021. The research cohort comprised children undergoing surgical procedures within this clinical setting. To measure rSO2 dynamics, cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to monitor rSO2 levels both before and after surgery. In addition, POD was assessed in the paediatric patients according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria. The analysis of the association between the rSO2 index and the incidence of POD was carried out through the application of either the independent samples t-test or the nonparametric rank-sum test. To ascertain the threshold value of the adjusted rSO2 index for predictive and evaluative purposes regarding POD in the pediatric population, the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve was employed. Results A total of 211 cases were included in this study, of which 61 (28.9%) developed POD. Participants suffering delirium had lower preoperative rSO2mean, lower preoperative rSO2min, and lower postoperative rSO2min, higher ∆rSO2mean, higher amount of ∆rSO2mean, lower ∆rSO2min (P < 0.05). Preoperative rSO2mean (AUC = 0.716, 95%CI 0.642–0.790), ∆rSO2mean (AUC = 0.694, 95%CI 0.614–0.774), amount of ∆rSO2mean (AUC = 0.649, 95%CI 0.564–0.734), preoperative rSO2min (AUC = 0.702, 96%CI 0.628–0.777), postoperative rSO2min (AUC = 0.717, 95%CI 0.647–0.787), and ∆rSO2min (AUC = 0.714, 95%CI 0.638–0.790) performed well in sensitivity and specificity, and the best threshold were 62.05%, 1.27%, 2.41%, 55.68%, 57.36%, 1.29%. Conclusions There is a close relationship between pediatric POD and rSO2. rSO2 could be used as an effective predictor of pediatric POD. It might be helpful to measure rSO2 with NIRS for early recognizing POD and making it possible for early intervention.

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“…Pets, as a type of companion animal in intimate contact with humans, have a positive effect on human mental health, such as relieving neurological disorders, anxiety, depression, and also reducing loneliness in the elderly [ 1 , 2 ]. However, pets, on the other hand, are vectors of some pathogenic microorganisms, and antibiotic resistance caused and spread by pets creates a serious public safety risk [ 3 , 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Casein Phosphopeptide-Selenium Complex on the Immune Functions in Beagle Dogs

Wang¹,

Xu²,

Cao

et al. 2022

Animals

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The health of pets is becoming a growing concern for the pet industry and its owners. Immunity is one of the foundational supports for health, thus developing a functional bioactive substance that can boost pets’ immunity is essential. Many studies have shown that casein phosphopeptide (CPP) and selenium (Se) can individually regulate immunity in many species, but there has been no reported research on the immunomodulatory function of casein phosphopeptide–selenium complex (CPP-Se). The objective of this study was to investigate the function of CPP-Se on immunomodulation in dogs. Twenty Beagle dogs were equally divided into two groups and fed either a control snack or a test snack supplemented with 0.03% CPP-Se for 30 days. Anticoagulated blood, serum and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were collected from dogs at 0 d, 10 d, 20 d and 30 d to detect the change in the number of immune cells and the expression of cytokine-related mRNAs and proteins. PBL isolated from blood were exposed to CPP-Se in vitro to measure the proliferative responses and cytokine-related mRNAs expression. During the time the test snack was fed, the number of lymphocytes increased significantly, whereas neutrophils and monocytes remained unaltered. The expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), CD4 molecule (CD4) and CD8α molecule (CD8α) was up-regulated, while interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was down-regulated, and interleukin-10 (IL-10) declined initially and subsequently increased. ELISA detection revealed a significant increment in serum IL-4, IL-6, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IFN-γ, except for IgG. Furthermore, CPP-Se treatment increased the proliferation and the expression of cytokine-related mRNAs in PBL cultured in vitro. This is the first study to demonstrate that CPP-Se can improve immunity in the dog.

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Pet-Assisted Therapy for Delirium and Agitation in Hospitalized Patients with Neurocognitive Impairment: A Review of Literature

Cited by 7 publications

References 48 publications

Effects of Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT) in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Case Study

Effects of Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT) in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Case Study

Association between pediatric postoperative delirium and regional cerebral oxygen saturation: a prospective observational study

Effects of Casein Phosphopeptide-Selenium Complex on the Immune Functions in Beagle Dogs

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