PET recycling: Review of the current available technologies and industrial perspectives

Brivio, Lorenzo; Tollini, Flavio

doi:10.1016/bs.ache.2022.09.003

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Within the broad spectrum of recycling, and depending on the chemical nature of textiles, chemical recycling will be a future solution for producing chemicals to reform new polymers, enabling a true circular economy that limits waste and the environmental impact of this industry. 1 Textiles typically include biodegradable components such as plant fibres (cotton, flax, jute, …), animal fibres (wool, silk, cashmere, …) and alongside non-biodegradable materials like polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon, or other synthetic fibres. Most textile fibres currently on the market are made of polyesters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical recycling of polyester textile wastes: shifting towards sustainability

El Darai,

Ter-Halle,

Blanzat

et al. 2024

Green Chem.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical recycling of polyester textile wastes: shifting towards sustainability

El Darai,

Ter-Halle,

Blanzat

et al. 2024

Green Chem.

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“…For instance, the European Union has implemented new rules mandating that, by 2025 and 2030, beverage bottles must have 25% and 30% of recycled material, respectively [11]. Regarding the details of PET recycling, five types of processes have been described, classified as zero, first, second, third, and fourth-order recycling [12]. In the first type of procedures, for instance, bottles are refilled or remodeled, profiting from the material thermoplasticity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such compounds can undergo a polycondensation process that ultimately yields the polymer, which is then turned into the final objects. The most critical material of the two components is TA, which is principally produced by the oxidation of poly-xylene (PX) in an acetic acid solution [18], typically using Co(CH 3 COO) 2 as catalyst [12]. PX manufacturing is a complex process, and TA production has comparatively high costs; it is therefore extremely important to recover TA from waste PET materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal Ion Microwave-Assisted Depolymerization of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate): A Zinc Salts-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent as Case Study

Ricci,

Gontrani,

Bauer

et al. 2024

Crystals

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In this study, a new and very quick method to depolymerize PET plastics is reported. The depolymerization experiments were conducted using a type-IV deep eutectic solvent containing ZnCl2 and urea, and a microwave oven as reactor. Different combinations of power and reaction times were employed while keeping the total energy constant. Successful conversions were obtained carrying out the process at 180 W for 2 min and 360 W for 1 min, whereas at higher powers and shorter times, an inclusion likely occurs of some solvent into the structure of the recovered PET flakes, as suggested by the porosity of the flakes, imaged by SEM microscopy. The flakes increase their crystalline character during the treatment, as indicated by the appearance of narrow diffraction peaks in the XRD patterns, at variance with the broad signals observed in the case of the pristine amorphous polymer. The NMR analysis of the supernatant liquid above the partially solubilized PET shows the presence of terephthalic acid peaks. The infrared spectra of the solid powder achieved upon the acidic treatment of the extract reveal the presence of C=O stretching peaks and the absence of typical CH2 wagging absorptions that satisfactorily comply with the presence of terephthalic acid.

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“…Their great versatility coupled with controllable properties and morphologies boosted the spreading of these materials in different applications. Nowadays, polymers have a primary role in fields like packaging, [1] paints, [2] adhesives, [3] coating, [4] concrete industry, [5,6] and cosmetic products. [7] The growing demand for polymeric materials is bringing about serious concerns about their sustainable production and disposal, in order to reduce the environmental footprint of an ever-expanding sector.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionalized lactic acid macromonomers via polycondensation as an alternative to ring opening polymerization

et al. 2023

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Engineered polylactic acid (PLA) nanoparticles synthesized from oligo(lactic acid) macromonomers have been studied over the last decades for controlled drug delivery. These macromonomers are typically produced via ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of the cyclic dimer lactide, initiated by 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). This reaction route, despite leading to well‐defined macromonomers, relies on the production of lactide from lactic acid, which burdens the ROP overall cost for more than 30%. In this work, we report the synthesis of PLA‐based macromonomers by direct polycondensation of lactic acid in the presence of HEMA as a valuable alternative to ROP. In particular, we compare the two processes side by side, focusing on the production of three HEMA‐LAn macromonomers, with n = 2, 4, and 6. Detailed kinetic models are developed for both reaction systems, and the corresponding parameters are estimated by fitting the experimental data. Through these models, the reaction kinetics as well as the time evolution of the entire chain length distributions of the products from polycondensation and ROP could be reliably predicted. This way, we demonstrated that polycondensation is a valuable alternative to ROP only for macromonomers with an average chain length of up to 4 and that ROP remains the main route to longer chains, when a strict control over the chain length distribution is required.

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PET recycling: Review of the current available technologies and industrial perspectives

Cited by 13 publications

References 87 publications

Chemical recycling of polyester textile wastes: shifting towards sustainability

Chemical recycling of polyester textile wastes: shifting towards sustainability

Metal Ion Microwave-Assisted Depolymerization of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate): A Zinc Salts-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent as Case Study

Functionalized lactic acid macromonomers via polycondensation as an alternative to ring opening polymerization

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