Petilla terminology: nomenclature of features of GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex

Ascoli, Giorgio A.; Alonso‐Nanclares, Lidia; Anderson, Stewart A.; Barrionuevo, Germán; Benavides-Piccione, Ruth; Burkhalter, Andreas; Buzsáki, György; Cauli, Bruno; DeFelipe, Javier; Fairén, Alfonso; Feldmeyer, Dirk; Fishell, Gord; Frégnac, Yves; Freund, Tamás F.; Gardner, Daniel; Gardner, Esther P.; Goldberg, Jesse H.; Helmstaedter, Moritz; Hestrin, Shaul; Karube, Fuyuki; Kisvárday, Zoltán F.; Lambolez, Bertrand; Lewis, David A.; Marı́n, Oscar; Markram, Henry; Muñoz, Alberto; Packer, Adam M.; Petersen, Carl C. H.; Rockland, Kathleen S.; Rossier, Jean; Rudy, Bernardo; Somogyi, Péter; Staiger, Jochen F.; Tamás, Gábor; Thomson, Alex M.; Toledo-Rodriguez, Maria; Wang, Yun; West, David C.; Yuste, Rafael

doi:10.1038/nrn2402

Cited by 1,349 publications

(853 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…Although ion channel defects can explain the onset of seizure events, they do not in all cases describe the physiological alterations that occur during the latent period of epileptogenesis – the process by which the brain develops epilepsy. The balancing of cellular events is performed by excitatory pyramidal cells and specialized inhibitory http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=1067 neurons that comprise approximately 10–15% of cortical neurons (Ascoli et al, 2008), and it is generally accepted that the spread of epileptiform discharges involves a primary dysfunction of interneurons (Buhl et al, 1996; Prince et al, 1997; DeFelipe, 1999; Bausch, 2005). The fate of interneurons depends upon the subtype, and the diverse roles that interneurons play in epilepsy are becoming more evident; for example, seizure susceptibility is apparent in patients with reduced inhibitory circuitry (Wittner et al, 2005; Liu et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabidiol exerts antiepileptic effects by restoring hippocampal interneuron functions in a temporal lobe epilepsy model

Khan

Shekh‐Ahmad²,

Khalil³

et al. 2018

British J Pharmacology

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Background and PurposeA non‐psychoactive phytocannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), shows promising results as an effective potential antiepileptic drug in some forms of refractory epilepsy. To elucidate the mechanisms by which CBD exerts its anti‐seizure effects, we investigated its effects at synaptic connections and on the intrinsic membrane properties of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and two major inhibitory interneurons: fast spiking, parvalbumin (PV)‐expressing and adapting, cholecystokinin (CCK)‐expressing interneurons. We also investigated whether in vivo treatment with CBD altered the fate of CCK and PV interneurons using immunohistochemistry.Experimental ApproachElectrophysiological intracellular whole‐cell recordings combined with neuroanatomy were performed in acute brain slices of rat temporal lobe epilepsy in in vivo (induced by kainic acid) and in vitro (induced by Mg2+‐free solution) epileptic seizure models. For immunohistochemistry experiments, CBD was administered in vivo (100 mg·kg−1) at zero time and 90 min post status epilepticus, induced with kainic acid.Key ResultsBath application of CBD (10 μM) dampened excitability at unitary synapses between pyramidal cells but enhanced inhibitory synaptic potentials elicited by fast spiking and adapting interneurons at postsynaptic pyramidal cells. Furthermore, CBD restored impaired membrane excitability of PV, CCK and pyramidal cells in a cell type‐specific manner. These neuroprotective effects of CBD were corroborated by immunohistochemistry experiments that revealed a significant reduction in atrophy and death of PV‐ and CCK‐expressing interneurons after CBD treatment.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur data suggest that CBD restores excitability and morphological impairments in epileptic models to pre‐epilepsy control levels through multiple mechanisms to reinstate normal network function.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabidiol exerts antiepileptic effects by restoring hippocampal interneuron functions in a temporal lobe epilepsy model

Khan

Shekh‐Ahmad²,

Khalil³

et al. 2018

British J Pharmacology

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“…Their role is not only to inhibit glutamatergic pyramidal neurons and maintain in the neural network a proper excitatory/inhibitory balance, but also to coordinate and synchronize neuronal activity generating specific oscillations [19][20][21][22][23][24] that characterize neuronal network function in different brain regions [25]. Interneurons represent a very heterogeneous class of cells (for reviews, see [26][27][28][29][30][31]). They differ in membrane and firing properties, in morphology and in biological markers expressed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GABAergic interneuron to astrocyte signalling: a neglected form of cell communication in the brain

Losi

Mariotti

Carmignoto

2014

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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GABAergic interneurons represent a minority of all cortical neurons and yet they efficiently control neural network activities in all brain areas. In parallel, glial cell astrocytes exert a broad control of brain tissue homeostasis and metabolism, modulate synaptic transmission and contribute to brain information processing in a dynamic interaction with neurons that is finely regulated in time and space. As most studies have focused on glutamatergic neurons and excitatory transmission, our knowledge of functional interactions between GABAergic interneurons and astrocytes is largely defective. Here, we critically discuss the currently available literature that hints at a potential relevance of this specific signalling in brain function. Astrocytes can respond to GABA through different mechanisms that include GABA receptors and transporters. GABA-activated astrocytes can, in turn, modulate local neuronal activity by releasing gliotransmitters including glutamate and ATP. In addition, astrocyte activation by different signals can modulate GABAergic neurotransmission. Full clarification of the reciprocal signalling between different GABAergic interneurons and astrocytes will improve our understanding of brain network complexity and has the potential to unveil novel therapeutic strategies for brain disorders. BackgroundOur knowledge of how the brain computes incoming sensory signals and governs our cognitive and motor functions has faced an exponential increase in the last decades. This was made possible thanks to a number of technological advances in molecular biology, brain imaging and optogenetics. It is now clear that the complexity of brain activity relies on fast dynamic interactions between different cell types that are finely and constantly regulated in time and space. The greatest challenge for neuroscientists is represented by the speed, the number and the heterogeneity of cellular signals that relentlessly occur in our brain. Over the last years our understanding of the functional role of two heterogeneous cell populations, i.e. GABAergic interneurons and astrocytic glial cells, has been marked by a significant improvement. Whether and how these cell types interact with each other and what functional significance such a signalling may have in the brain network remain, however, largely undefined.Astrocytes are the major class of glial cells in the brain and play essential roles in brain homeostasis and metabolism. They are coupled in a syncytium through gap junctions and exert a homeostatic control of the extracellular space by regulating the pH, the water content and the extracellular concentration of different neurotransmitters and ions. In addition, astrocytes supply neurons with nutrients, trophic factors, cytokines and neuromodulators [1,2], contributing to the neurovascular coupling mechanism [3,4] and to the defensive reaction to tissue insult. Only recently the role of astrocytes has been extended to functions that were once considered an exclusive domain of neurons, such as short-and longterm modul...

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“…However, due to the high diversity of interneuron types, investigation of inhibitory interneurons requires rigorous identification of the recorded cells. As hippocampal interneuron types are characterized by distinct morphological features and neurochemical marker expression, combined anatomical and immunocytochemical examination can provide a means to determine precise interneuron identity 6,8,9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons

Booker

Song

Vida

2014

JoVE

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GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal population (10-20%), but show a high level of physiological, morphological, and neurochemical heterogeneity, reflecting their diverse functions. Therefore, investigation of interneurons provides important insights into the organization principles and function of neuronal circuits. This, however, requires an integrated physiological and neuroanatomical approach for the selection and identification of individual interneuron types. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording from acute brain slices of transgenic animals, expressing fluorescent proteins under the promoters of interneuron-specific markers, provides an efficient method to target and electrophysiologically characterize intrinsic and synaptic properties of specific interneuron types. Combined with intracellular dye labeling, this approach can be extended with post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis, enabling systematic identification of recorded neurons. These methods can be tailored to suit a broad range of scientific questions regarding functional properties of diverse types of cortical neurons. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at

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Petilla terminology: nomenclature of features of GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex

Cited by 1,349 publications

References 101 publications

Cannabidiol exerts antiepileptic effects by restoring hippocampal interneuron functions in a temporal lobe epilepsy model

Cannabidiol exerts antiepileptic effects by restoring hippocampal interneuron functions in a temporal lobe epilepsy model

GABAergic interneuron to astrocyte signalling: a neglected form of cell communication in the brain

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons

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