Abstract:Petroleum hydrocarbon profiles of water and sediment samples of Algoa Bay in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa were assessed using standard analytical procedures. Water (from surface and bottom levels) and sediment samples were collected from five locations in the bay from February to June 2016. Extraction of the petroleum hydrocarbons from the water and sediment samples collected was achieved using liquid-liquid and Soxhlet extraction techniques, respectively, followed by column clean up. Target compo… Show more
“…3). This was in agreement with the reports published earlier, in which the concentrations were also lower in winter (Klages and Bornman 2003; Adeniji et al 2017). Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 94%
“…The levels recorded at stations A1 and A2 were relatively the same. The organic carbon contents of the sediment samples from Algoa Bay ranged from 1.06 to 2.05% as documented earlier by Adeniji et al (2017). The values were very consistent with previous report by Klages and Bornman (2005).…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 76%
“…All glass bottles and vials used in this work were initially soaked in 10% nitric acid before they were washed with soap and rinsed successively with tap water, double-distilled water and acetone. The glass wares were subsequently drained and dried in an oven at 105 °C for about 12 h. PTFE lined lids were used in covering all (Adeniji et al 2017; Salaudeen et al 2018). Fifty water samples each from the surface (10 cm depth) and bottom levels (30 m depth), and twenty-four sediment samples were taken in the morning each time between 7 am and 10 am from five sampling locations in Algoa Bay between December, 2015 and June, 2016.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, the studies were restricted to the surface water alone (Klages and Bornman 2003, 2005). Till date, no other pollution study (especially on hydrocarbons) has been documented in the study area to the best of our knowledge, except the evaluation of the TPH levels in the surface and bottom waters, as well as the sediment that were reported recently by Adeniji et al (2017). The aim of this research work was therefore to assess the levels of the 16 priority PAHs at the two water depths (surface and bottom) and also in the sediment of Algoa Bay.…”
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are amongst the pollutants of major concern in the terrestrial and aquatic habitats. They are mostly characterised by carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects. Distribution and potential health risks of sixteen priority PAHs in the water and sediment samples collected between December 2015 and June 2016 from Algoa Bay, South Africa, were evaluated. Water and sediment samples collected were extracted with liquid–liquid and soxhlet extraction methods, respectively, and then cleaned up using glass column loaded with silica gel. Final concentrations of the target PAHs were determined by gas chromatography interfaced with flame ionization detector. Results indicated that individual PAH concentrations in surface water, bottom water and sediment samples ranged from not detected (ND) to 24.66 µg/L, ND to 22.81 µg/L and ND to 5.23 mg/kg correspondingly. Total PAHs concentrations varied as 12.78–78.94 µg/L, 1.20–90.51 µg/L and 1.17–10.47 mg/kg in the three environmental matrices in that order. The non-carcinogenic risk was generally below 1, whereas risk indices (dermal contact) were above the acceptable limit of 1 × 10
−4
in the water column, suggesting possible carcinogenic effects to humans, with adults being the most vulnerable. Similarly, highest contributions to TEQs and MEQs in the sediments were made by benzo(a)pyrene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, the two most toxic congeners, signifying the possibility of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity in humans. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs reflect a prevailing pyrogenic input all through. The pollution was albeit moderate, yet regular check is recommended to ensure safe and healthy environment for human and aquatic lives.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1007/s10653-018-0213-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
“…3). This was in agreement with the reports published earlier, in which the concentrations were also lower in winter (Klages and Bornman 2003; Adeniji et al 2017). Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 94%
“…The levels recorded at stations A1 and A2 were relatively the same. The organic carbon contents of the sediment samples from Algoa Bay ranged from 1.06 to 2.05% as documented earlier by Adeniji et al (2017). The values were very consistent with previous report by Klages and Bornman (2005).…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 76%
“…All glass bottles and vials used in this work were initially soaked in 10% nitric acid before they were washed with soap and rinsed successively with tap water, double-distilled water and acetone. The glass wares were subsequently drained and dried in an oven at 105 °C for about 12 h. PTFE lined lids were used in covering all (Adeniji et al 2017; Salaudeen et al 2018). Fifty water samples each from the surface (10 cm depth) and bottom levels (30 m depth), and twenty-four sediment samples were taken in the morning each time between 7 am and 10 am from five sampling locations in Algoa Bay between December, 2015 and June, 2016.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, the studies were restricted to the surface water alone (Klages and Bornman 2003, 2005). Till date, no other pollution study (especially on hydrocarbons) has been documented in the study area to the best of our knowledge, except the evaluation of the TPH levels in the surface and bottom waters, as well as the sediment that were reported recently by Adeniji et al (2017). The aim of this research work was therefore to assess the levels of the 16 priority PAHs at the two water depths (surface and bottom) and also in the sediment of Algoa Bay.…”
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are amongst the pollutants of major concern in the terrestrial and aquatic habitats. They are mostly characterised by carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects. Distribution and potential health risks of sixteen priority PAHs in the water and sediment samples collected between December 2015 and June 2016 from Algoa Bay, South Africa, were evaluated. Water and sediment samples collected were extracted with liquid–liquid and soxhlet extraction methods, respectively, and then cleaned up using glass column loaded with silica gel. Final concentrations of the target PAHs were determined by gas chromatography interfaced with flame ionization detector. Results indicated that individual PAH concentrations in surface water, bottom water and sediment samples ranged from not detected (ND) to 24.66 µg/L, ND to 22.81 µg/L and ND to 5.23 mg/kg correspondingly. Total PAHs concentrations varied as 12.78–78.94 µg/L, 1.20–90.51 µg/L and 1.17–10.47 mg/kg in the three environmental matrices in that order. The non-carcinogenic risk was generally below 1, whereas risk indices (dermal contact) were above the acceptable limit of 1 × 10
−4
in the water column, suggesting possible carcinogenic effects to humans, with adults being the most vulnerable. Similarly, highest contributions to TEQs and MEQs in the sediments were made by benzo(a)pyrene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, the two most toxic congeners, signifying the possibility of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity in humans. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs reflect a prevailing pyrogenic input all through. The pollution was albeit moderate, yet regular check is recommended to ensure safe and healthy environment for human and aquatic lives.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1007/s10653-018-0213-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
“…Massoud et al (1996) and Ritchie et al (2001) Based on this, the sediment samples collected from the 12 sampling sites in the four stations can be regarded as unpolluted in terms of TPH. Adeniji et al (2017) in a study of Algoa Bay, South Africa observed that pH concentrations in the sediment samples ranged from 0.72 to 27.03 mg/kg (dry weight basis) while Inyang et al (2018) obtained TPH concentration range of 270-830 mg/kg in the sediment samples of Qua-Iboe River, Akwa-Ibom State. These values were much higher than the TPH values obtained in this study.…”
Bed Sediment samples were collected in the Dry Season from Orashi River at three sampling sites each located in Mmahu, Opuoma, Abacheke and Ogwu Aniocha communities. Physicochemical parameters, hydrocarbon and heavy metal (As, Cd, Fe and Pb) concentrations were determined with standard methods. Results showed that total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) ranged from 0.11 ±0.03 to 1.91 ±0.25 mg/kg while total hydrocarbon content (THC) and oil and grease had ranges of 0.28 ±0.06-2.98 ±0.19 and 0.69 ±0.09-3.60 ±0.57 mg/kg respectively. The sediment samples were classified as unpolluted in terms of TPH. Mean values for pH had a range of 4.33 ±0.22 - 6.60 ±0.52 while the texture of most samples was sandy. Mean organic carbon contents ranged from 0.58±0.07 to 3.15±0.66 % and mean total nitrogen and total phosphorus had ranges of 0.30±0.00 -2.77±0.46 and 17.34±1.65 - 29.48±1.63 mg/kg respectively. Mean Mg concentrations were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the concentrations of other exchangeable bases and mean As concentration had a range of 1.175±0.086-1.291±0.335 mg/kg. Mean Cd concentrations ranged from 0.948±0.072 to 3.120±0.131 mg/kg while mean Fe and Pb concentrations had ranges of 57.324±10.530-159.707±41.192 and 1.300±0.295-7.462±0.861 mg/kg respectively. As and Pb values were lower than the sediment quality guidelines (SQG) but Cd values were higher than the guidelines in all sites. Contamination factors (CFs) for As and Pb indicated low contamination while CFs for Cd indicated moderate to considerable contamination. Geo-accumulation index (Igeo) values for As and Pb at all sites and that of Cd at one site indicated unpolluted, Igeo values for Cd at all other sites ranged between 0.210 and 1.571 indicating unpolluted to moderately polluted status.
Keywords: Sediment, Orashi, hydrocarbons, physicochemical, metals, contamination
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