Petrologic and geochemical constraints on the origin of subsurface dolomite, Enewetak Atoll: An example of dolomitization by normal seawater

Saller, Arthur H.

doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1984)12<217:pagcot>2.0.co;2

Cited by 182 publications

(98 citation statements)

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“…With respect to previous studies about the diagenesis of periplatform carbonates, our data do not support the conclusions of Schlager and James (1978) that periplatform sediments remain unlithified in the burial diagenetic realm for "tens of millions of years." Our stage 1 diagenetic environment confirms the conclusions of Sailer (1984Sailer ( , 1986, Mullins et al (1985a, 1985b), and Freeman-Lynde et al (1986 that rapid diagenesis and cementation can occur in the sediment column in the deep sea.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Dolomite, which is common throughout the hole, appears to be the result of exsolution of magnesium from magnesian calcites and the dissolution of aragonite. Additional magnesium influx from seawater also may occur (Sailer, 1984;Land, 1985;Mullins et al, 1985a). Isotopic ratios and their uniform downhole trend support our interpretation that all diagenetic transformations in sub-bottom depths occurred in an open, deep-marine diagenetic environment.…”

Section: Site Summarysupporting

confidence: 68%

“…The recent discovery during Leg 101 of shallow (-120 mbsf) limestones of late Miocene age at Site 632 in Exuma Sound , associated with accumulation rates of up to 210 m/m.y, indicates that the ooze-chalk-limestone transformation can proceed at shallow subbottom depths and does not need to be linked to exposure at the seafloor (Dix and Mullins, unpublished data). From this study and those of Sailer (1984Sailer ( , 1986, Mullins et al (1985aMullins et al ( , 1985b, and Freeman-Lynde et al (1986), substantial alteration, lithification, dissolution, calcitic cement precipitation, and dolomitization at shallow-burial depths can occur in deep-water, marinederived pore fluids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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A Regional Perspective of Shallow-Burial Diagenesis of Deep-Water Periplatform Carbonates from the Northern Bahamas

Dix¹,

Mullins²

1988

Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program

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Detailed studies of carbonate mineralogy and geochemistry using samples recovered by deep-sea drilling in the northern Bahamas document shallow-burial (<250 mbsf) diagenetic trends that occur in two stages. Stage 1 diagenesis (0-10 meters below the seafloor, mbsf) results in rapid, extensive calcitization and local dolomitization in marine-derived pore fluids. Stable oxygen isotopes are quickly enriched, while carbon values are depleted. Aragonite undergoes dissolution and high-magnesian calcite exsolves to low-magnesian calcite. Below 10 to at least 185 mbsf, stage 2 diagenesis continues to alter primary components, leading to ooze-chalk and chalk-limestone transformations and low amounts of dolomite, while rates and amplitudes of change are considerably less than in stage 1. Oxygen-and carbon-isotope ratios indicate that diagenesis still occurs in marine-derived pore fluids.Overall, shallow-burial diagenesis of periplatform carbonates proceeds much more readily than diagenesis of deepsea pelagic ooze. This is because of higher diagenetic potential related to the influx of metastable shallow-water-derived components in a deep-marine realm. Subsurface calcitization and lithification of periplatform sediments occurs rapidly with depth in regions of moderate accumulation rates (20-60 m/m.y.; north of Little Bahama Bank). This is a result of an interpreted greater rate of diagenetic alteration with burial, and in deep (3000 m) water is related to seawater saturation levels relative to carbonate mineralogy. Calcitization and local dolomitization may occur at or near the sediment/ water interface during formation of disconformities. In contrast, metastable aragonite and high-magnesian calcite are present in significant amounts at depth in regions with high accumulation rates (>90 m/m.y., Exuma Sound), despite lithification that produces chalk and limestone. The presence of metastable components in porous limestones in Exuma Sound underscores the current high diagenetic potential for these rocks and the development of reservoir potential in periplatform deep-water limestones at shallow sub-bottom depths.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Site Summarysupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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A Regional Perspective of Shallow-Burial Diagenesis of Deep-Water Periplatform Carbonates from the Northern Bahamas

Dix¹,

Mullins²

1988

Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program

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“…Data from calcitic cements and bulk sediment from the top 150 m of Allison, ''MIT,'' Resolution, Takuyo-Daisan, and Wodejebato Guyots are illustrated in figure 2 and compared with Pleistocene cements and bulk sediment from Anewetak Atoll (Gross and Tracey, 1966;Saller andMoore, 1989, 1991). Clear compositional differences are apparent.…”

Section: The Role Of Meteoric-water Diagenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratigraphy, paleoceanography, and evolution of Cretaceous Pacific guyots; relics from a greenhouse Earth

Jenkyns¹

1999

American Journal of Science

194

141

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ABSTRACT. Many guyots in the north Pacific are built of drowned Cretaceous shallow-water carbonates that rest on edifice basalt. Dating of these limestones, using strontium-and carbon-isotope stratigraphy, illustrates a number of events in the evolution of these carbonate platforms: local deposition of marine black shales during the early Aptian oceanic anoxic event; synchronous development of oolitic deposits during the Aptian; and drowning at different times during the Cretaceous (and Tertiary).Dating the youngest levels of these platform carbonate shows that the shallow-water systems drowned sequentially in the order in which plate-tectonic movement transported them into low latitudes south of the Equator (paleolatitude ϳ0°-10°south). The chemistry of peri-equatorial waters, rich in upwelled nutrients and carbon dioxide, may have been a contributory factor to the suppression of carbonate precipitation on these platforms. However, oceanic anoxic events, thought to reflect high nutrient availability and increased productivity of planktonic organic-walled and siliceous microfossils, did not occasion platform drowning. Neither is there any evidence that relative sealevel changes were the primary cause of platform drowning, which is consistent with the established resilience of shallow-water carbonate systems when influenced by such phenomena.Comparisons with paleotemperature data show that platform drowning took place closer to the Equator during cooler intervals, such as the early Albian and Maastrichtian, and farther south of the Equator during warmer periods such as Albian-Cenomanian boundary time and the mid-Eocene. Initiation of one carbonate platform relatively close to the Equator, at paleolatitudes more northerly than those where others drowned, took place during the cool early mid-Aptian. These correlations are in accord with an interpretation that excess warmth in shallow peri-equatorial waters proved inimical for many carbonate-secreting organisms living on the platforms, allowing subsidence or eustatic sealevel rise to outpace sedimentation and guyots to form. A parallel may be drawn with the recent phenomenon of coral and foraminiferal bleaching, whereby photosynthetic symbionts succumb to prolonged high temperatures (G30°C) and the host organism dies. The fact that most Cretaceous guyots reside in the north Pacific may not be solely related to the age-distribution pattern of ocean floor but to their having run the gauntlet of a difficult and dangerous passage across the Equator. North Pacific guyots are relics from the Cretaceous (and Eocene) ''greenhouse'' Earth.

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“…; Turekian, 1969;Broecker and Peng, 1982) compared to the mixing time (-1000 yr; Broecker et al, 1961). The 87 Sr/ 86 Sr in seawater is assumed to be uniform throughout the open ocean at any given time (Faure et al, 1965;Brass, 1976) and has been used for stratigraphic correlation of unaltered fossils (McKenzie et al, 1988), diagenetic marine carbonates (Sailer, 1984;Swart et al, 1987;Aharon et al, 1987), and fish teeth (apatites, Staudigel et al, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strontium Isotopic Ratios as Fluid Tracers in Messinian Evaporites of the Tyrrhenian Sea (Western Mediterranean Sea)

Müller¹,

Mueller²,

McKenzie³

1990

Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program

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Strontium isotopic ratios of gypsums recovered from upper Miocene (Messinian) evaporites at ODP Leg 107 Holes 652A, 653B, and 654A (Tyrrhenian Sea) Sr-ratio for evaporites in the sedimentary cycles recognized for Holes 653B and 654A, the generally low Sr isotopic ratio of river water entering the Mediterranean Sea, and the presence of dwarf marine microfossils suggest that the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio of the evaporites responded to hydrologic variations in a very restricted basin with variable rates of marine and fresh water input. The strontium isotopic ratios of the Messinian anhydrites from the proposed lacustrine sequence at Hole 652A fall in the same range as the marine evaporites from Holes 654A and 653B. This suggests a common or similar origin of the brines at the three locations.The complex depositional and hydrologic conditions in the Mediterranean during the Messinian salinity crisis preclude the use of Sr isotopic values from the evaporites for stratigraphic correlation and dating. They are, however, very useful in the interpretation of the depositional history of the basin. General calculations assuming a closed system suggest that the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio of Messinian seawater (-0.7090) could be reduced to that of the evaporites (-0.7087) by mixing with fresh water (e.g., Nile River) in times of I0 4 to I0 5 yr.

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Petrologic and geochemical constraints on the origin of subsurface dolomite, Enewetak Atoll: An example of dolomitization by normal seawater

Cited by 182 publications

References 0 publications

A Regional Perspective of Shallow-Burial Diagenesis of Deep-Water Periplatform Carbonates from the Northern Bahamas

A Regional Perspective of Shallow-Burial Diagenesis of Deep-Water Periplatform Carbonates from the Northern Bahamas

Stratigraphy, paleoceanography, and evolution of Cretaceous Pacific guyots; relics from a greenhouse Earth

Strontium Isotopic Ratios as Fluid Tracers in Messinian Evaporites of the Tyrrhenian Sea (Western Mediterranean Sea)

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