PFAS and Dissolved Organic Carbon Enrichment in Surface Water Foams on a Northern U.S. Freshwater Lake

Schwichtenberg, Trever; Bogdan, Dorin; Carignan, Courtney C.; Reardon, Patrick N.; Rewerts, Justin N.; Wanzek, Thomas; Field, Jennifer A.

doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c05697

Cited by 60 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Initially, it was suggested that one of the possible sources of PFECHS could be the aviation industry, where it is used as an erosion inhibitor, 70 but additional uses have been identified. 72,73 The PFOS levels found in the Swedish general population in this study (3.6 ng/mL, sum of linear and branched PFOS) were similar to PFOS levels elsewhere in the world (converted to whole blood concentrations): 2.4 ng/mL in the United States, 74 1.4 ng/mL in Germany, 75 and 7.2 ng/mL in China. 76 Nevertheless, this is almost a decade after PFOS and its salts were added to Annex B of the Stockholm Convention, marking them up for restrictions in production and use 77 and additional regulations later on.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…While this compound has been detected in various environmental samples before (biota, surface water, and sediment), this is the first time that its widespread occurrence in the general population has been found. Initially, it was suggested that one of the possible sources of PFECHS could be the aviation industry, where it is used as an erosion inhibitor, but additional uses have been identified. , …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

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Organofluorine Mass Balance Analysis of Whole Blood Samples in Relation to Gender and Age

Aro

Eriksson

Kärrman

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Studies have highlighted the increasing fraction of unidentified organofluorine (UOF) compounds in human blood, whose health effects are not known. In this study, 130 whole blood samples from the Swedish general population were analyzed for extractable organofluorine (EOF) and selected per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Organofluorine mass balance analysis revealed that 60% (0−99%) of the EOF in female samples could not be explained by the 63 monitored PFAS; in males, 41% (0−93%) of the EOF was of unidentified origin. Significant differences between both age groups and gender were seen, with the highest fraction of UOF in young females (70% UOF, aged 18−44), which is contrary to what has been reported in the literature for commonly monitored compounds (e.g., perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, PFOS). Increasing the number of monitored PFAS did not lead to a large decrease of the UOF fraction; the seven highest PFAS (C8−C11 PFCAs, C6−C8 PFSAs) accounted for 98% of sum 63 PFAS. The high fraction of UOF in human samples is of concern, as the chemical species of these organofluorine compounds remain unknown and thus their potential health risks cannot be assessed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Organofluorine Mass Balance Analysis of Whole Blood Samples in Relation to Gender and Age

Aro

Eriksson

Kärrman

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“… 17 Fluorinated chain lengths are convenient proxies for expected retention time, but other properties, such as the degree of branching and the charge and hydrophobicity of headgroups, influence retention time as well. 34 , 35 …”

Section: Confidence Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Communicating Confidence of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Identification via High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Charbonnet

McDonough

Xiao

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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112

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are important environmental contaminants, yet relatively few analytical reference standards exist for this class. Nontarget analyses performed by means of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) are increasingly common for the discovery and identification of PFASs in environmental and biological samples. The certainty of PFAS identifications made via HRMS must be communicated through a reliable and harmonized approach. Here, we present a confidence scale along with identification criteria specific to suspect or nontarget analysis of PFASs by means of nontarget HRMS. Confidence levels range from level 1a—“Confirmed by Reference Standard,” and level 1b—“Indistinguishable from Reference Standard,” to level 5—“Exact Masses of Interest,” which are identified by suspect screening or data filtering, two common forms of feature prioritization. This confidence scale is consistent with general criteria for communicating confidence in the identification of small organic molecules by HRMS (e.g., through a match to analytical reference standards, library MS/MS, and/or retention times) but incorporates the specific conventions and tools used in PFAS classification and analysis (e.g., detection of homologous series and specific ranges of mass defects). Our scale clarifies the level of certainty in PFAS identification and, in doing so, facilitates more efficient identification.

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“…Further studies should quantify the ice nucleation properties of other surfactants, many of which exhibit similar properties and behaviors to PFASs in aquatic environments. 115,116 Marine gels, long-chain aliphatic and polymeric molecules that can partition at the air−sea interface, may also form mixtures with PFAS compounds. 117−119 These gels, which can be a source of cloud condensation nuclei in remote marine environments, 120 have also been previously implicated as a potential source of INPs.…”

Section: Atmospheric Implications and Furthermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous possibilities for additional research exist. Further studies should quantify the ice nucleation properties of other surfactants, many of which exhibit similar properties and behaviors to PFASs in aquatic environments. , Marine gels, long-chain aliphatic and polymeric molecules that can partition at the air–sea interface, may also form mixtures with PFAS compounds. − These gels, which can be a source of cloud condensation nuclei in remote marine environments, have also been previously implicated as a potential source of INPs . Although previous studies have characterized the INP activity of organic marine macromolecules, , further research should investigate the ice nucleation of simulated SSA particles containing both macromolecules and PFAS compounds.…”

Section: Atmospheric Implications and Further Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Ice Nucleation of Simulated Sea Salt Particles with the Addition of Anthropogenic Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

Wolf

Zhang

Zhou

et al. 2021

ACS Earth Space Chem.

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Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) impact global climate by altering cloud formation and properties. The ability of aerosol particles to nucleate ice is in part determined by particle composition. Here, we demonstrate that the addition of common fluorinated pollutants to seawater can enhance the ice nucleation activity of resulting simulated sea spray particles, although we note that ambient sea spray will have additional organic components not considered here. We quantified the ice supersaturation at the onset of ice nucleation, fractional INP activation, and ice nucleation active site density for inorganic sea salt, assemblages of per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs), and internally mixed particles. Particles composed solely of PFASs or sea salt mixed with PFASs nucleated ice heterogeneously in a temperature (−50 ≤ T ≤ −40 °C) and ice supersaturation (1.0 ≤ S ice ≤ 1.5) range relevant to cirrus cloud formation. Conversely, the temperature and relative humidity trajectories considered here precluded heterogeneous ice nucleation of particles composed solely of inorganic sea salt. Our active site density calculations indicate that PFAS-containing sea salt aerosol exhibits ice nucleation activities similar to other effective INPs. Since the PFAS concentrations in our aerosolized solutions were similar to those observed in the ocean, our findings indicate that the addition of anthropogenic pollutants such as PFASs to seawater may enhance the ice-nucleating abilities of sea spray aerosols in the cirrus cloud regime. Further studies should investigate the interactions of PFASs with other marine organic matter to ascertain the impacts of particle composition on ambient sea spray’s ice nucleation activity.

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PFAS and Dissolved Organic Carbon Enrichment in Surface Water Foams on a Northern U.S. Freshwater Lake

Cited by 60 publications

References 52 publications

Organofluorine Mass Balance Analysis of Whole Blood Samples in Relation to Gender and Age

Organofluorine Mass Balance Analysis of Whole Blood Samples in Relation to Gender and Age

Communicating Confidence of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Identification via High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Enhanced Ice Nucleation of Simulated Sea Salt Particles with the Addition of Anthropogenic Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

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