Pfropfschizophrenia in the age of deinstitutionalization: whose problem?

Intellectual disability co-occurring with schizophrenia and other psychiatric illness: population-based study

“…This is now increasingly acknowledged as having a profound effect on the capacity to care for individuals with dual diagnosis. 38 In Western Australia, this division creates structural impediments to inter-agency approaches to integrated clinical practice: there is no specific service provision for people with a dual diagnosis, and mainstream psychiatric services are provided only upon referral. Of concern, correct identification of dual diagnosis is poor, measurement tools are still in nascence, 39 and little research informs the treatment evidence base.…”

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders in people with intellectual disabilities

“…Catinari et al [30 ] described three case reports of adult inpatients with intellectual disabilities and SSDs that fitted with Kraepelin's historical descriptions of 'pfropfschizophrenia'. They outlined the multiple problems that such patients encounter in various educational and healthcare settings and argued that 'pfropfschizophrenia' is a phenotypically heterogeneous syndrome, usually treatmentrefractory and one that tends to be inadequately provided for.…”

Clozapine and risk of pneumonia

“…Authors' reply: We thank Dr Mushtaq for his comments on our article. 5 For this reason, we performed an exploratory study (i.e. First, other authors such as Paris 2 have suggested that the process of migration from traditional societies to Western countries could result in the development of borderline personality disorder in individuals who did not present any symptoms in their country of origin.…”

“…Regardless of the cause of infection, a number of reports [4][5][6] showed that infection leads to a rise of toxic levels in serum clozapine and its metabolites. This is likely to be mediated by cytokine suppression of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2), the main hepatic microsomal system involved in clozapine metabolism; CYP1A2 is also involved in the metabolism of a number of antibiotics in common use for treating infections.…”

“…4,5 Otherwise dual diagnosis will continue to be recognised and treated ineffectively or, at worst, missed altogether, with important implications for best practice. Although the difficulty of diagnosing psychosis accurately in individuals with intellectual disability is well documented, 2,3 our paper highlights another pressing issue.…”