Phage Types and Genotypes of Shiga Toxin-Producing
            <i>Escherichia coli</i>
            O157 in Finland

Saari, Marjut; Cheasty, T.; Leino, Kirsikka; Siitonen, Anja

doi:10.1128/jcm.39.3.1140-1143.2001

Cited by 21 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…As in previous studies (45,46,47,56,58), our results provide clear evidence for the superior capability of PFGE analysis compared with that of phage typing for the discrimination of unrelated strains. The results of our study also confirm those of earlier investigations about the macrorestriction patterns of epidemiologically unrelated STEC O157:H7 strains with a high degree of similarity due to the relatively limited genetic diversity within this serotype (46).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…PT2 and PT8 were predominant among human and bovine STEC O157:H7 strains in Spain as well as in many other European countries, including Belgium, Finland, Germany, Italy, England, and Scotland (20,22,23,30,33,34,46,58 . According to their phage types, stx genotypes, and phenotypes, the STEC O157:H7 strains isolated in Spain were very similar to those isolated in other parts of Europe.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This enables their efficient differential selection from clinical samples and food products on sorbitol-containing MacConkey agar (14,15,21,40). However, phenotypic variants of NM STEC O157:HϪ that are sorbitol fermentation positive and ␤-D-glucuronidase positive (mainly strains of PT23 and PT88) have been isolated in Germany, the Czech Republic, and Finland (38,58); and motile sorbitol fermentation-negative and ␤-D-glucuronidasepositive atypical STEC O157:H7 strains have been isolated in the United States (32) and Japan (50). In the present study, none of the 171 STEC O157:H7 strains studied fermented sorbitol after 24 h of incubation, and all were ␤-D-glucuronidase negative.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phage Types and Genotypes of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 Isolates from Humans and Animals in Spain: Identification and Characterization of Two Predominating Phage Types (PT2 and PT8)

Mora

Blanco

et al. 2004

J Clin Microbiol

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Phage typing and DNA macrorestriction fragment analysis by pulsed-field electrophoresis (PFGE) were used for the epidemiological subtyping of a collection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 strains isolated in Spain between 1980 and 1999. Phage typing distinguished a total of 18 phage types among 171 strains isolated from different sources (67 humans, 82 bovines, 12 ovines, and 10 beef products). However, five phage types, phage type 2 (PT2; 42 strains), PT8 (33 strains), PT14 (14 strains), PT21/28 (11 strains), and PT54 (16 strains), accounted for 68% of the study isolates. PT2 and PT8 were the most frequently found among strains from both humans (51%) and bovines (46%). Interestingly, we detected a significant association between PT2 and PT14 and the presence of acute pathologies. A group of 108 of the 171 strains were analyzed by PFGE, and 53 distinct XbaI macrorestriction patterns were identified, with 38 strains exhibiting unique PFGE patterns. In contrast, phage typing identified 15 different phage types. A total of 66 phage type-PFGE subtype combinations were identified among the 108 strains. PFGE subtyping differentiated between unrelated strains that exhibited the same phage type. The most common phage type-PFGE pattern combinations were PT2-PFGE type 1 (1 human and 11 bovine strains), PT8-PFGE type 8 (2 human, 6 bovine, and 1 beef product strains), PT2-PFGE subtype 4A (1 human, 3 bovine, and 1 beef product strains). Nine (29%) of 31 human strains showed phage type-PFGE pattern combinations that were detected among the bovine strains included in this study, and 26 (38%) of 68 bovine strains produced phage type-PFGE pattern combinations observed among human strains included in this study, confirming that cattle are a major reservoir of strains pathogenic for humans. PT2 and PT8 strains formed two groups which differed from each other in their motilities, stx genotypes, PFGE patterns, and the severity of the illnesses that they caused.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phage Types and Genotypes of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 Isolates from Humans and Animals in Spain: Identification and Characterization of Two Predominating Phage Types (PT2 and PT8)

Mora

Blanco

et al. 2004

J Clin Microbiol

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“…All STEC isolates were also serotyped and their enterohemolytic activity was investigated, and the STEC O157 isolates were phage typed as previously described (12,25,39). Certain single characteristics of 161 strains have been reported previously (12,22,23,24,25,39). Of the 173 strains, 15 were derived from one major outbreak (36) caused by strains of serotype O157:H7:PT2:stx 2 :stx 2c (39).…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pure cultures of the isolates or fecal cultures of the STEC-infected patients were referred to the Finnish routine microbiological laboratories for microbiological verification and detection of the stx 1 , stx 2 , and eae genes by PCR. All STEC isolates were also serotyped and their enterohemolytic activity was investigated, and the STEC O157 isolates were phage typed as previously described (12,25,39). Certain single characteristics of 161 strains have been reported previously (12,22,23,24,25,39).…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Escherichia coli Strains Carrying stx Genes: stx Variants and stx -Positive Virulence Profiles

2002

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Altogether, 173 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serotype O157 (n ‫؍‬ 111) and non-O157 (n ‫؍‬ 62) isolates from 170 subjects were screened by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism for eight different stx genes. The results were compiled according to serotypes, phage types of O157, production of Stx toxin and enterohemolysin, and the presence of eae. The stx genes occurred in 11 combinations; the most common were stx 2 with stx 2c (42%), stx 2 alone (21%), and stx 1 alone (16%). Of the O157 strains, 64% carried stx 2 with stx 2c versus 2% of the non-O157 strains (P < 0.001). In the non-O157 strains, the prevailing gene was stx 1 (99% versus 1% in O157 strains; P < 0.001). In addition, one strain (O Rough:H4:stx 2c ) which has not previously been described as associated with hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) was found. Ten stx-positive virulence profiles were responsible for 71% of all STEC infections. Of these profiles, five accounted for 71% of the 21 strains isolated from 20 patients with HUS or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). The strains having the virulence profile that caused mainly HUS or TTP or bloody diarrhea produced Stx with titers of >1:128 (90%) more commonly than did other strains (51%; P < 0.001). These strains were also more commonly enterohemolytic (98% versus 68% for other strains; P < 0.001) and possessed the eae gene (100%) more commonly than did other strains (74%; P < 0.001). A particular virulence profile, O157:H7:PT2:stx 2 :stx 2c :eae: Ehly, was significantly more frequently associated with HUS and bloody diarrhea than were other profiles (P ‫؍‬ 0.02) and also caused the deaths of two children. In this study, the risk factors for severe symptoms were an age of <5 years and infection by the strain of O157:H7:PT2 mentioned above.Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) cells have emerged as new food-borne pathogens of clinical and public health concern (35). The most epidemic STEC serogroup has been O157, but about 200 other STEC serogroups have been identified (http://www.microbionet.com.au/frames/feature /vtec/brief01.html). Shiga toxins (Stx1 and/or Stx2) have a prominent role in the pathogenesis of STEC bacteria (15,20,26). The clinical picture of a STEC infection may vary from an asymptomatic state to bloody diarrhea and severe life-threatening complications such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) (35). Children and elderly people have been more susceptible to STEC infections than healthy adults (32). It is estimated that the incidence of HUS varies from 2.0 to 3.0 cases per 100,000 children under 5 years of age (15) and from 0.9 to 1.2 cases per 100,000 in children under 18 years of age (5, 43).The pathogenesis of STEC infection in humans is not fully understood. It is considered to be multifactorial and dependent on several bacterial virulence factors such as enterohemolysin (Ehly) and the eae gene, in addition to host factors (6,35). A recent discovery of a quorum-sensing system, mediated by self-produced...

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Escherichia

Scheutz

Strockbine

2015

Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria

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Esch.er.i' chi.a . M.L. fem. n. Escherichia named after Theodor Escherich, who isolated the type species of the genus. Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Escherichia Straight cylindrical rods, 1.1–1.5 × 2.0–6.0 µm, occurring singly or in pairs. Conform to the general definition of the family Enterobacteriaceae . Gram negative. Motile by peritrichous flagella or nonmotile. Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic having both a respiratory and a fermentative type of metabolism, but anaerogenic biotypes occur. Oxidase negative. Chemoorganotrophic. Both acid and gas are formed from most fermentable carbohydrates, but i ‐inositol is not utilized and D ‐adonitol is utilized only by Escherichia fergusonii . Lactose is fermented by most strains of Escherichia coli , but fermentation may be delayed or absent in Escherichia blattae, Escherichia hermannii, Escherichia fergusonii , and Escherichia vulneris . Do not grow in KCN ( with the exception of E . hermannii and a small proportion of E . vulneris ). Usually do not produce H 2 S . E . coli occur naturally in the lower part of the intestine of warm‐blooded animals, E . blattae in the hind‐gut of cockroaches, and E . fergusonii, E . hermannii , and E . vulneris are found in the intestine, as well as extraintestinal sites of warm‐blooded animals. Seven copies of the rrn operon with genes coding for 16S, 23S, and 5S rRNA are present on the chromosome of E . coli . Comparative sequence analysis between the genes for 16S rRNA of E . coli, E . vulneris , and E . hermannii and homologous genes from all eubacteria places E . coli and E . vulneris together in a tightly related cluster with shigellae, and E . hermannii between Salmonella spp. and Citrobacter freundii (Cilia et al., 1996). Based on 16S rRNA sequencing, escherichiae belong in the Gammaproteobacteria . The mol % G + C of the DNA is : 48–59. Type species : Escherichia coli (Migula 1895) Castellani and Chalmers 1919, 941 ( Bacillus coli Migula 1895, 27.)

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Phage Types and Genotypes of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 in Finland

Cited by 21 publications

References 15 publications

Phage Types and Genotypes of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 Isolates from Humans and Animals in Spain: Identification and Characterization of Two Predominating Phage Types (PT2 and PT8)

Phage Types and Genotypes of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 Isolates from Humans and Animals in Spain: Identification and Characterization of Two Predominating Phage Types (PT2 and PT8)

Clinical Escherichia coli Strains Carrying stx Genes: stx Variants and stx -Positive Virulence Profiles

Escherichia

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