Phaleria macrocarpa Boerl. (Thymelaeaceae) Leaves Increase SR-BI Expression and Reduce Cholesterol Levels in Rats Fed a High Cholesterol Diet

Abstract

Abstract:In vitro and in vivo studies of the activity of Phaleria macrocarpa Boerl (Thymelaeaceae) leaves against the therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia were done using the HDL receptor (SR-BI) and hypercholesterolemia-induced Sprague Dawley rats. The in vitro study showed that the active fraction (CF6) obtained from the ethyl acetate extract (EMD) and its component 2',6',4-trihydroxy-4'-methoxybenzophenone increased the SR-BI expression by 95% and 60%, respectively. The in vivo study has proven the effect of EMD at 0.5 g/kgbw dosage in reducing the total cholesterol level by 224.9% and increasing the HDL cholesterol level by 157% compared to the cholesterol group. In the toxicity study, serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) activity were observed to be at normal levels. The liver histology also proved no toxicity and abnormalities in any of the treatment groups, so it can be categorized as non-toxic to the rat liver. The findings taken together show that P. macrocarpa leaves are safe and suitable as an alternative control and prevention treatment for hypercholesterolemia in Sprague Dawley rats.

Forhidrol, a bioactive fraction of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl., increases reverse cholesterol transport pathway by down-regulation of cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity

“…to improve HDL levels and its related gene. 21 Other study also showed improved cholesterol profile, 29 thus supporting the potential effect of P. macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl as anti-atherosclerosis.…”

“…[17][18][19] Studies have proven its effect in the management of chronic diseases, such as hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and kidney disorders. [20][21][22][23] Earlier studies have reported that P. macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.…”

“…Boerl. has the potential anti-cancer activity in breast 24,25 and esophageal cancer cells, 26 as well as antidiabetic, 27,28 anti-cholesterol, 21,22 antiatherosclerosis 29 and antioxidant activities. 27 Previous study exhibited potential properties of P. macrocarpa (Scheff.)…”

Review on Phaleria macrocarpa Pharmacological and Phytochemical Properties

“…And after 24 hours almost majority of NK cells are IFN-γ positive. IFN-γ is a potent activator of monocytes that allow macrophages to kill tumor cells and ingest microbes [35]. Another suggested mechanism is by flavonoid binding to the TNF family receptor triggering the IκB kinases complex to phosphorylate IκB.…”

“…Another suggested mechanism is by flavonoid binding to the TNF family receptor triggering the IκB kinases complex to phosphorylate IκB. The NF-κB proteins translocate to the nucleus and bind the DNA binding sites inducing transcription of gene for the IFN-γ, TH1 immune response is activated and cellular mediated immunity orchestrated [35].…”