Pharmaceuticals

Plumlee, Konnie H.

doi:10.1016/b0-32-301125-x/50027-3

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…Interestingly, as the concentration of bromide increases, it causes a more depressant effect in the membrane, which in theory should lead to improved sleep scores. 18 Potassium bromide is no longer used to treat people with epilepsy, and therefore has not been included in clinical or meta‐analysis studies in the human medical literature, but other AEDs have been associated with more restless sleep, including phenobarbital and higher doses of levetiracetam. 4 Phenobarbital and higher doses of levetiracetam have been associated with shorter REM and longer S‐W sleep cycles in people, but effect of KBr on nocturnal activity or sleep quality has not been assessed previously in human or veterinary medicine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Potassium bromide works by substituting for chloride, and specifically in the central nervous system, it may replace as many as 30% of chloride ions. Interestingly, as the concentration of bromide increases, it causes a more depressant effect in the membrane, which in theory should lead to improved sleep scores 18 . Potassium bromide is no longer used to treat people with epilepsy, and therefore has not been included in clinical or meta‐analysis studies in the human medical literature, but other AEDs have been associated with more restless sleep, including phenobarbital and higher doses of levetiracetam 4 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Daytime and nocturnal activity in treated dogs with idiopathic epilepsy compared to matched unaffected controls

Barry

Cameron

Kent

et al. 2021

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: In dogs, antiepileptic drugs (AED) cause lethargy but quantitative data regarding the effects of AED on activity levels are not available, and little is known about how AEDs affect sleep quality.Objective: To quantitatively compare activity levels and nocturnal activity in dogs previously diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy (IE) receiving AEDs compared to ageand breed-matched control dogs.Animals: Sixty-two dogs with IE and 310 control dogs.Methods: This is a 3-month prospective parallel observational study. An activity monitoring device for dogs was used to measure daily activity levels and sleep scores in all dogs.Results: Dogs with IE treated with AEDs had an 18% average lower baseline activity level compared to control dogs (P = .005; point estimate = 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75-0.90). The combination of phenobarbital and potassium bromide (KBr) was associated with an average 28% decrease in activity in dogs with IE compared to control dogs (P = .03; point estimate = 0.72; CI, 0.62-0.82). Mean sleep scores were not significantly different in dogs with IE receiving AEDs compared to control dogs (P = .43). However, higher dosages of KBr were associated with lower sleep scores (P = .01). Conclusions: Dogs with IE receiving AEDs have lower activity levels, but no difference in sleep scores, compared to controls. The combination of phenobarbital and KBr had the largest decrease in activity between groups. Higher doses of KBr may affect nocturnal activity in epileptic dogs. K E Y W O R D S antiepileptic drugs, canine activity monitoring device 1 | INTRODUCTION Idiopathic epilepsy (IE) is a common neurologic condition in dogs, and currently, antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the mainstay of treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Daytime and nocturnal activity in treated dogs with idiopathic epilepsy compared to matched unaffected controls

Barry

Cameron

Kent

et al. 2021

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Speke's hinge-back tortoises have significantly very slow metabolism, and they normally consume a lot of water. In animals, tricyclic antidepressants are readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract [59,60]. They are highly lipophilic and distribute widely to the brain, heart, lungs, and liver [60].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antinociceptive effects of nortriptyline and desipramine hydrochloride in Speke's hinge‐back tortoise (Kinixys Spekii)

Makau

Towett

Kanui

et al. 2023

Fundamemntal Clinical Pharma

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Some of the most commonly used analgesic drugs in animals are of questionable efficacy or present adverse side effects among the various species of reptiles. Tricyclic antidepressants have been demonstrated to have antinociceptive effects in several animal models of pain and could be a good alternative for use in reptiles. The aim of the study was to investigate the antinociceptive effects of nortriptyline and desipramine hydrochloride in Speke's hinge-back tortoise. A total of 24 animals weighing 600-1000 g were used for nociceptive tests, i.e., formalin, capsaicin, and hot plate tests. Drugs were administered intracoelomically 30 min before starting the tests. The time spent in nocifensive behavior and the associated observable effects during the tests were recorded. Only the highest dose of 40 mg/kg of nortriptyline hydrochloride caused statistically significant decrease in nocifensive behavior in both the formalin and the capsaicin test. Desipramine hydrochloride at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg caused statistically significant decrease in nocifensive behavior in the formalin test. Also, desipramine hydrochloride at doses of 15, 20, and 60 mg/kg caused statistically significant decrease in nocifensive behavior in the capsaicin test. None of the doses used for both drugs had any statistically significant effect on nocifensive behavior in the hot plate test. The results show that nortriptyline and desipramine hydrochloride have significant antinociceptive effects in the chemical but not thermal inflammatory pain-related behavior in the Speke's hinge-back tortoise. The most common associated side effect following administration of the higher doses of either of the drugs is excessive salivation. K E Y W O R D S antinociception, capsaicin test, desipramine hydrochloride, formalin test, nortriptyline hydrochloride, tortoise 1 | INTRODUCTION Reptile analgesia is a developing field in reptile medicine. It's generally agreed that analgesia should be an

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“…Adverse reactions observed after treatment with melarsomine may be directly attributable to the medication or may be secondary to worm death or the underlying heartworm disease process (3). If toxicity secondary to melarsomine is suspected, dimercaprol has been reported as an antidote for arsenic toxicity (16). However, dimercaprol does carry a substantial list of side effects and would not have been appropriate in this dog.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case report: Disseminated intravascular coagulation in a dog following treatment with melarsomine for Dirofilaria immitis

Philp

Farrell²,

Li³

2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation following melarsomine therapy for Dirofilaria immitis (D. immitis) is reported in a 9-year-old female intact pit bull-type dog. The dog had been diagnosed with D. immitis (antigen and microfilaria positive) and treated with imidacloprid, moxidectin, doxycycline and 3 doses of melarsomine over a 92-day period. Seven days after the third melarsomine injection, the patient was presented to her family veterinarian due to right pelvic limb swelling. Prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times were prolonged beyond the detectable range. Treatment included vitamin K1 and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) prior to referral to the authors' institution. At this time the patient remained coagulopathic. Further investigations included thoracic radiographs, abdominal ultrasound and an echocardiogram. The patient was administered multiple units of packed red blood cells and FFP, sildenafil, dexamethasone SP, aminocaproic acid and vitamin K1. Repeat CBC approximately 20 h after admission showed persistent anemia and thrombocytopenia. Despite ongoing administration of FFP, a repeat coagulation panel showed worsening of the coagulopathy with prothrombin time of 84.2s [reference interval (RI) 7.0–9.3s], activated partial thromboplastin time >140s (RI 10.4–12.9s) and fibrinogen <50 mg/dL (RI 109–311 mg/dL). Following discussion with the owners, the patient was euthanized. Necropsy was performed and confirmed heartworm infection with severe pulmonary arterial thrombosis, vascular remodeling, and intraluminal degenerate nematodes. Multifocal subcutaneous and organ hemorrhage was apparent. Although coagulopathy has been described in caval syndrome associated with heartworm disease and is listed as a potential side effect of melarsomine administration, this is the first report of documented disseminated intravascular coagulation following melarsomine treatment for D. immitis. Potential mechanisms for the coagulopathy are discussed and the case report highlights a rare, but serious complication of adulticide therapy.

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Pharmaceuticals

Cited by 7 publications

References 115 publications

Daytime and nocturnal activity in treated dogs with idiopathic epilepsy compared to matched unaffected controls

Daytime and nocturnal activity in treated dogs with idiopathic epilepsy compared to matched unaffected controls

Antinociceptive effects of nortriptyline and desipramine hydrochloride in Speke's hinge‐back tortoise (Kinixys Spekii)

Case report: Disseminated intravascular coagulation in a dog following treatment with melarsomine for Dirofilaria immitis

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