Pharmacists’ and patients’ perceptions about the importance of pharmacist services types to improve medication adherence among patients with diabetes in Indonesia

Abstract

Background Various pharmacist services are available to improve medication adherence, including consultation, brochure, etc. Challenges arise on which services are best implemented in practice. Knowledge about patients’ and pharmacists’ preferences can help to prioritize services. This study explores the pharmacists’ and patients’ perceptions about the importance of pharmacist services to improve medication adherence among patients with diabetes in Indonesia. Methods This questionnaire-based cross-sectional study involved adult outpatients with diabetes type 2 and pharmacists from community health centers (CHCs) and hospitals in Surabaya, Indonesia. Random sampling was used to identify 57 CHCs in the study. In addition, based on convenient sampling, three hospitals participated. All pharmacists working at the CHCs and hospitals, who were willing to participate, were included in the study. For patients, minimum sample size was calculated using Slovin’s formula. Patients and pharmacists were asked to rank five pharmacist service types (consultation, brochure/leaflet, patient group discussion, medication review, and phone call refill reminder) according to their importance to improve medication adherence. A face validity test of the self-developed questionnaire was conducted before the data collection. Rank ordered probit models were estimated (STATA 15th software). Results A total of 457 patients from CHCs, 579 patients from hospitals, and 99 pharmacists from both medical facilities were included. Consultation (CHC patients 56.0% vs hospital patients 39.7% vs pharmacists 75.2%) and brochure (CHC patients 23.2% vs hospital patients 27.5% vs pharmacists 11.9%) were the most preferred pharmacist services. Patients with experience getting medication information from pharmacists valued consultation higher than brochure and patient group discussions. Older patients ranked a brochure higher than other services. Patients without formal education in CHCs had a lower probability of giving a high rank to a brochure to improve medication adherence. There was significant positive correlation between the ranking of phone call refill reminder and medication review (0.6940) for patients in CHCs. Conclusion For both patients and pharmacists, consultation, brochure, and group discussion were the highest-ranked services. Education, age, experience with pharmacist services, and medical facility features need to be considered when evaluating which pharmacist services to implement in Indonesia.

Attitudes towards deprescribing and patient-related factors associated with willingness to stop medication among older patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Indonesia: a cross-sectional survey study

“…Although pharmacists are allowed to give such recommendations to a GP or a specialist, it might be considered inappropriate to make such a suggestion directly to a patient [ 22 , 23 ]. A previous study in Indonesia about patients’ perceptions of the importance of pharmacist service that can improve medication adherence showed that most patients preferred regular face-to-face consultation over other more intensive pharmacist services, like medication reviews [ 24 ]. Educational level appeared to influence the patients’ preference for specific services, with people with primary education being more in favour of medication reviews conducted by pharmacists [ 24 ].…”

“…A previous study in Indonesia about patients’ perceptions of the importance of pharmacist service that can improve medication adherence showed that most patients preferred regular face-to-face consultation over other more intensive pharmacist services, like medication reviews [ 24 ]. Educational level appeared to influence the patients’ preference for specific services, with people with primary education being more in favour of medication reviews conducted by pharmacists [ 24 ]. Of note, a quarter of the patients had never received any of the pharmacist services, indicating that they may see the pharmacist mostly as someone dispensing and preparing the medications.…”

Type 2 Diabetes Patients’ Views of Local Pharmacists and Fulfilment with Pharmaceutical Diabetes Care in Syria’s Latakia Governorate: An Online Survey Research

“…Based on our previous systematic review [ 21 ] various pharmaceutical care approaches seem successful and effective in increasing patient adherence, controlling glucose levels, and improving diabetes understanding. Furthermore, numerous studies have demonstrated that the community pharmacist, as a health promoter, can play a critical role in diabetes prevention [ 34 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 41 , 47 , 48 , 49 ].…”

“…A comprehensive literature search was conducted before creating a self-administered questionnaire [ 21 , 23 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ].…”

Knowledge, attitude, and practice of medication therapy management: a national survey among pharmacists in Indonesia

“…Using the Slovin formula, a minimum of 436 participants was required to obtain a 95% confidence level (5% margin of error) with an unusable response of 10% for the population size of 18,958 based on the total number of pharmacy staff at CHCs in Indonesia (15)(16)(17). The minimum sample was also calculated for each of the 28 provinces based on the proportion of each region to the total population.…”