Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic integration of enrofloxacin againstSalmonellaEnteritidis after administering to broiler chicken by per-oral and intravenous routes

Abstract

It is crucial to optimize the dose of fluoroquinolones to avoid antibiotic resistance and to attain clinical success. We undertook this study to optimize the dose of enrofloxacin against Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis ( S . Enteritidis) in chicken by assessing its pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices. The antibacterial activities of enrofloxacin against S . Enteritidis were evaluated. After administering 10 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) of enrofloxacin to broiler chickens of both sexes by intravenous (IV) and peroral (PO) routes, blood samples were drawn at different intervals and enrofloxacin concentrations in plasma were determined. PK/PD indices were calculated by integrating the PK and PD data. The elimination half-lives (T 1/2 ), time required to reach peak concentration (T max ), peak concentration (C max ), and area under curve (AUC) after administering enrofloxacin by PO and IV routes were 25.84 ± 1.40 h, 0.65 ± 0.12 h, 3.82 ± 0.59 µg/mL, and 20.84 ± 5.0 µg·h/mL, and 12.84 ± 1.4 h, 0.22 ± 0.1 h, 6.74 ± 0.03 µg/mL, and 21.13 ± 0.9 µg.h/mL, respectively. The bioavailability of enrofloxacin was 98.6% ± 8.9% after PO administration. The MICs of enrofloxacin were 0.0625–1 µg/mL against S . Enteritidis strains, and the MIC 50 was 0.50 µg/mL. The C max /MIC 50 were 7.64 ± 0.2 and 13.48 ± 0.7 and the 24 h AUC/MIC 50 were 41.68 ± 0.1 and 42.26 ± 0.3 after administering the drug through PO and IV routes, respectively. The data in this study indicate that the application of 50 mg/kg b.w. of enrofloxacin to chicken through PO and IV routes with a dosing interval of 24 h can effectively cure S . Enteritidis infection, indicating the need for a 5-fold increase in the recommended dosage of enrofloxacin in chicken.

Pharmacokinetics and tissue residue of enrofloxacin in healthy,Eimeria-infected broiler chickens and those pre-treated with amprolium and toltrazuril

“…Following oral administration, the calculated values of C max and T max for healthy broilers (C max 2.06 µg/ml and T max 1.84 h) obtained in our study were consistent with values recorded in broilers (C max 1.88 µg/ml) [28] and following oral administration of enrofloxacin at 10 mg/kg (C max 2.44 µg/ml and T max 1.64 h) [14]. On the other hand, the obtained values were slightly higher than those reported by DaSilva et.al [38] (C max 1.5 µg/ml) in broilers for enrofloxacin (10 mg/ kg) and slightly lower than those reported previously in broiler chickens (C max 3.82 µg/ml) [5] and in pigs (C max 1.139 µg/ml) [39].…”

“…It has a bactericidal effect against Gram-negative bacteria, Mycoplasma and aerobic, anaerobic bacteria including strains resistant to many other antimicrobial agents [ 4 ]. Enrofloxacin is indicated clinically for the treatment of gastroenteric, respiratory, urogenital and skin infections in pigs, calves, cattle, and poultry [ 5 , 6 ]. Several kinds of research were carried out for pharmacokinetics pattern of enrofloxacin in different species including pigs [ 7 ], rabbits [ 8 ], sheep [ 9 , 10 ], goats [ 11 ], horses [ 12 , 13 ], poultry [ 5 , 6 , 14 , 15 ], turkey [ 16 ] and Japanese quail [ 4 ] under normal conditions.…”

Cross-Contamination of Enrofloxacin in Veterinary Medicinal and Nutritional Products in Korea

“…A YMC C 18 (3.0 × 100) mm column (3 μm inner porosity) was equipped onto an LC-MS/MS system (LCMS-8045; Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) to determine the amount of enrofloxacin in veterinary medicinal and nutritional products. For quantification of enrofloxacin in widely used veterinary medicinal and nutritional products, we utilized the same methodologies as reported in our previously published article [ 19 ]. The mobile phase was a mixture of (A) 0.1% formic acid in distilled water and (B) 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile, and a gradient flow was maintained with the flow rate of 0.6 mL/min.…”

Construction and directional evolution of anti-enrofloxacin ScFv antibody for the immunoassay of fluoroquinolones

“…Enro oxacin (ENR) is a synthetic third-generation uoroquinolones (FQs) antibiotic developed for veterinary treatment. It shows excellent bioavailability and tolerance, long half-life, and good tissue permeability and has bactericidal effect on Gram-negative bacteria, bacteriostatic effect on Gram-positive bacteria (Dalhoff, 2015), and antifungal and antiviral activities (Kang et al, 2019;Lin et al, 2018).…”