Pharmacokinetic behaviors of soft nanoparticulate formulations of chemotherapeutics

Abstract

Chemotherapeutic treatment with conventional drug formulations pose numerous challenges, such as poor solubility, high cytotoxicity and serious off‐target side effects, low bioavailability, and ultimately subtherapeutic tumoral concentration leading to poor therapeutic outcomes. In the field of Nanomedicine, advances in nanotechnology have been applied with great success to design and develop novel nanoparticle‐based formulations for the treatment of various types of cancer. The approval of the first nanomedicine, Doxil® (liposomal doxorubicin) in 1995, paved the path for further development for various types of novel delivery platforms. Several different types of nanoparticles, especially organic (soft) nanoparticles (liposomes, polymeric micelles, and albumin‐bound nanoparticles), have been developed and approved for several anticancer drugs. Nanoparticulate drug delivery platform have facilitated to overcome of these challenges and offered key advantages of improved bioavailability, higher intra‐tumoral concentration of the drug, reduced toxicity, and improved efficacy. This review introduces various commonly used nanoparticulate systems in biomedical research and their pharmacokinetic (PK) attributes, then focuses on the various physicochemical and physiological factors affecting the in vivo disposition of chemotherapeutic agents encapsulated in nanoparticles in recent years. Further, it provides a review of the current landscape of soft nanoparticulate formulations for the two most widely investigated anticancer drugs, paclitaxel, and doxorubicin, that are either approved or under investigation. Formulation details, PK profiles, and therapeutic outcomes of these novel strategies have been discussed individually and in comparison, to traditional formulations. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease

Neuroprotection of Rodent and Human Retinal Ganglion Cells In Vitro/Ex Vivo by the Hybrid Small Molecule SA-2

“…The field of nanomedicine has advanced tremendously in recent years, starting with the implementation of nanotherapy in cancer treatments [ 63 , 64 ]. The nanodelivery method can potentially distribute SA-2 effectively to the RGCs while limiting side effects due to off-target delivery or higher drug concentrations [ 65 , 66 ].…”

Innovative Encapsulation Strategies for Food, Industrial, and Pharmaceutical Applications

“…Chemically modified maltodextrin has been particularly studied for its ability to preserve bioactive components during avocado EO microencapsulation [70] . In pharmaceutical formulations, starch is commonly included as a biopolymer due to its biodegradability and versatility [71] . Likewise, alginate is frequently used for its responsiveness to pH variations, chemical stability, and ability to build gel barriers resistant to gases and liquids [72] …”

“…[70] In pharmaceutical formulations, starch is commonly included as a biopolymer due to its biodegradability and versatility. [71] Likewise, alginate is frequently used for its responsiveness to pH variations, chemical stability, and ability to build gel barriers resistant to gases and liquids. [72] As a complement to natural polymers, biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic polymers present themselves as a robust alternative to scaffolding materials used to bind, integrate, and encapsulate EOs.…”

Codelivery of CPT and siPHB1 with GSH/ROS Dual-Responsive Hybrid Nanoparticles Based on a [12]aneN3-Derived Lipid for Synergistic Lung Cancer Therapy

“…1−3 Chemotherapeutic drugs were commonly used in lung cancer treatment, but the low therapeutic index, severe treatmentassociated adverse effects, and multidrug resistance developed by tumor cells hampered their clinical application. 4,5 Genebased, such as DNA, miRNA, and siRNA, therapeutic strategies have attracted increasing attention for lung cancer treatment because of their great potential to eliminate malignant tumors. 6−8 Successful gene-based therapy depends on the effective delivery of therapeutic genes into tumor cells.…”

“…Cancer is one of the major threats to human health, and the incidence of cancer continues to increase worldwide . Among them, lung cancer is one of the cancers with higher mortality, and most lung cancer patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, resulting in historically poor median overall survival (OS) and no significant reduction in morbidity. − Chemotherapeutic drugs were commonly used in lung cancer treatment, but the low therapeutic index, severe treatment-associated adverse effects, and multidrug resistance developed by tumor cells hampered their clinical application. , Gene-based, such as DNA, miRNA, and siRNA, therapeutic strategies have attracted increasing attention for lung cancer treatment because of their great potential to eliminate malignant tumors. − Successful gene-based therapy depends on the effective delivery of therapeutic genes into tumor cells. Instead of virus-based vector systems, increasing efforts have been made to design nonviral gene carriers due to their high security and good immunogenicity. − …”