Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Spiramycin against Mycoplasma synoviae in Chickens

Abstract

This research aimed to assess the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) and tissue residues of spiramycin in chickens. The PK of spiramycin were determined in 12 chickens using a parallel study design in which each group of chickens (n = 6) received a single dose of spiramycin at 17 mg/kg intravenously (IV) or orally. Plasma samples were collected at assigned times for up to 48 h to measure spiramycin concentrations. Additionally, a tissue depletion study was performed in 42 chickens receiving spiramycin at 17 mg/kg/day orally for 7 days. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve values were 29.94 ± 4.74 and 23.11 ± 1.83 µg*h/mL after IV and oral administrations, respectively. The oral bioavailability was 77.18%. The computed withdrawal periods of spiramycin were 11, 10, and 7 days for liver, muscle, and skin and fat, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration for spiramycin against Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae) strain 1853 was 0.0625 µg/mL. Using the PK/PD integration, the appropriate oral dose of spiramycin against M. synoviae was estimated to be 15.6 mg/kg. Thus, we recommend an oral dose of 15.6 mg spiramycin/kg against M. synoviae in chickens and a withdrawal period of 11 days following oral treatment with 17 mg spiramycin/kg/day for 7 days.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Spiramycin in LPS-Activated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

“…In this study, we confirmed the possibility of applying an old weapon, spiramycin, to various inflammatory diseases, the new enemy. Spiramycin has been shown to exhibit anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-parasitic activities [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. However, no study has reported the anti-inflammatory potential of spiramycin in LPS-induced macrophage RAW 264.7 cells.…”

“…Spiramycin is a 16-membered ring macrolide antibiotic that was first discovered 70 years ago in a culture medium of Streptomyces ambofaciens in 1952 ( Figure 1 ). The antibiotic action of spiramycin, which inhibits protein synthesis in bacterial cells during translocation, has high antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and mycoplasma species, and is widely used to treat toxoplasmosis and other soft-tissue infections in cattle, pigs, poultry, and sheep [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Spiramycin is prescribed in some countries for various odor-causing infections including periodontitis [ 9 , 10 ].…”