Pharmacokinetic Profile of Ivermectin in Cattle Dung Excretion, and its Associated Environmental Hazard

Fernández, Carlos; Andrés, Margarita San; Porcel, Miguel Ángel; Rodríguez, C.; Alonso, Álvaro; Tarazona, José V.

doi:10.1080/15320380903085675

Cited by 23 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Subsequently, the liquid phase was filtered through glass membrane filter (Millipore APFF04700). 0.4 ml of abamectine acetonitrile solution (0.5 μg/mL) was added to the filtrate before SPE extraction as described Fernández et al (2009). The solids recovered in the centrifugation and the whole glass filter were extracted with 20 mL of acetonitrile, before an addition of 0.4 mL of I.S.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After extraction, the recovered acetonitrile was filtered through 0.45 μm (30 mm Nylon filters). Finally, the extract was dried and the residue derivatized as described Fernández et al (2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HPLC analysis followed the procedure described by Sun et al (2005). Iv analysis in soil and dung sample was performed as described Fernández et al (2009), with 40 and 5 g of sample, respectively. For drainage and runoff samples, the extraction and cleanup procedure was as follows: 450 μL of triethylamine were added to 400 ml of samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(29 September 2006). Dung was collected 3 days after the Iv administration, as this period represent the highest dung excretion peak according to the previous pharmacokinetic study (Fernández et al 2009). Animals were treated in the Veterinary Faculty of the Complutense University of Madrid.…”

Section: Drug Administration and Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a previous study, the excretion profile for the current use patterns in Spain was quantified, being comparable to other Mediterranean regions (Fernández et al 2009). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Semifield assessment of the runoff potential and environmental risk of the parasiticide drug ivermectin under Mediterranean conditions

Fernández

Porcel

Alonso

et al. 2011

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Drug Administration and Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a previous study, the excretion profile for the current use patterns in Spain was quantified, being comparable to other Mediterranean regions (Fernández et al 2009). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Semifield assessment of the runoff potential and environmental risk of the parasiticide drug ivermectin under Mediterranean conditions

Fernández

Porcel

Alonso

et al. 2011

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Environmental risk assessment of ivermectin: A case study

Liebig¹,

Alonso²,

Blübaum-Gronau³

et al. 2010

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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133

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The veterinary parasiticide ivermectin was selected as a case study compound within the project ERAPharm (Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals). Based on experimental data generated within ERAPharm and additional literature data, an environmental risk assessment (ERA) was performed mainly according to international and European guidelines. For the environmental compartments surface water, sediment, and dung, a risk was indicated at all levels of the tiered assessment approach. Only for soil was no risk indicated after the lower tier assessment. However, the use of effects data from additional 2-species and multispecies studies resulted in a risk indication for collembolans. Although previously performed ERAs for ivermectin revealed no concern for the aquatic compartment, and transient effects on dung-insect populations were not considered as relevant, the present ERA clearly demonstrates unacceptable risks for all investigated environmental compartments and hence suggests the necessity of reassessing ivermectin-containing products. Based on this case study, several gaps in the existing guidelines for ERA of pharmaceuticals were shown and improvements have been suggested. The action limit at the start of the ERA, for example, is not protective for substances such as ivermectin when used on intensively reared animals. Furthermore, initial predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) of ivermectin in soil were estimated to be lower than refined PECs, indicating that the currently used tiered approach for exposure assessment is not appropriate for substances with potential for accumulation in soil. In addition, guidance is lacking for the assessment of effects at higher tiers of the ERA, e.g., for field studies or a tiered effects assessment in the dung compartment.

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Effects of Avermectins on the Environment Based on Its Toxicity to Plants and Soil Invertebrates—a Review

Souza

Guimarães

2022

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Avermectins are pharmaceutical drugs widely used mainly in livestock to combat both ectoparasites and endoparasites. Drugs belonging to this family include ivermectin, abamectin, doramectin, selamectin, eprinomectin, and emamectin benzoate, and they share similar chemical characteristics. When administered to livestock, between 80 and 98% of the drug is estimated to leave the body without being metabolized in feces, thus reaching the soil. For this reason, concern for avermectin contamination in soil is increasing, and researchers are focused on estimating the effects on non-target organisms, such as plants and soil invertebrates. This review aimed to compile and discuss updated data of avermectin toxicity on non-target organisms to better comprehend its effect on the environment. Effects on plants are scarcely studied, since they were not believed to absorb these drugs. However, recent studies suggest that plants can be negatively affected. Regarding soil invertebrates, negative effects such as increased mortality and reduced reproduction are best known to dung-beetles. Recently, some studies have also suggested that earthworms, springtails, and enchytraeids can be adversely affected by avermectin exposure. Since ivermectin was the first avermectin marketed, most of the data refers to this product. According to new data on scientific literature, avermectins can now be considered harmful to non-target organisms, and its prudent use is recommended in order to reduce negative effects on the environment. For future investigations, inclusion of avermectins other than ivermectin, as well as field and “omics” studies is suggested.

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Pharmacokinetic Profile of Ivermectin in Cattle Dung Excretion, and its Associated Environmental Hazard

Cited by 23 publications

References 38 publications

Semifield assessment of the runoff potential and environmental risk of the parasiticide drug ivermectin under Mediterranean conditions

Semifield assessment of the runoff potential and environmental risk of the parasiticide drug ivermectin under Mediterranean conditions

Environmental risk assessment of ivermectin: A case study

Effects of Avermectins on the Environment Based on Its Toxicity to Plants and Soil Invertebrates—a Review

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