Pharmacokinetic Profile of Spectrum Reduced Nicotine Cigarettes

Kamens, Helen M.; Silva, Constanza P.; Nye, Russell T.; Miller, Carley N.; Singh, Nayantara; Sipko, Joseph J; Trushin, Neil; Sun, Dongxiao; Branstetter, Steven A.; Muscat, Joshua E.; Richie, John P.; Foulds, Jonathan

doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz045

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…It is unlikely that the lack of long-term effects of early and mid-adolescent tobacco smoke and nicotine exposure in the males was due to low nicotine levels. Plasma nicotine levels in the adolescent rats were similar to those in smokers, and previous work has shown that these nicotine levels are rewarding in adolescent male and female rats (Kamens et al, 2019;Xue et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…Exposure to tobacco smoke from low-nicotine cigarettes led to a plasma nicotine level of about 6 ng/ml, and exposure to smoke from high-nicotine cigarettes led to a plasma nicotine level of about 40 ng/ml. The plasma nicotine levels after exposure to smoke from the high-nicotine cigarettes (NRC 600) were similar to those in humans after smoking these high-nicotine cigarettes (Kamens et al, 2019). Similar nicotine levels were also observed in a heavy smoker after smoking their regular cigarettes (Russell et al, 1976).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

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Adolescent nicotine and tobacco smoke exposure enhances nicotine self-administration in female rats

et al. 2020

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Most people start experimenting with tobacco products or e-cigarettes in early adolescence and become habitual smokers in late adolescence or adulthood. These studies investigated if exposure to tobacco smoke or nicotine during early and mid-adolescence affects nicotine intake in late adolescence and early adulthood. Male and female rats were exposed to tobacco smoke from lowand high-nicotine SPECTRUM cigarettes or nicotine (0.3 mg/kg, twice a day) from postnatal day (P) 24 to 42. The self-administration sessions started at P55. The rats self-administered nicotine for 14-15 days under a fixed-ratio 1 schedule, and on the first day, the maximum number of infusions was twenty. Exposure to smoke from high, but not low, nicotine cigarettes during adolescence increased nicotine self-administration in female but not male rats. Adolescent treatment with nicotine facilitated nicotine self-administration. On the first day of nicotine selfadministration, nicotine-treated rats reached the maximum number of infusions before the salinetreated control rats. Nicotine intake was also higher in the nicotine-treated female rats than in the saline-treated females. There was no sex difference in nicotine intake in controls when the data from the studies were combined. Smoke exposure led to a dose-dependent increase in plasma nicotine and cotinine levels in adolescent rats. Exposure to smoke from high-nicotine cigarettes and 0.3 mg/kg of nicotine led to plasma nicotine and cotinine levels that are similar to those in tobacco users. These findings indicate that in females, but not males, exposure to nicotine during adolescence may facilitate smoking and e-cigarette use later in life.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Adolescent nicotine and tobacco smoke exposure enhances nicotine self-administration in female rats

et al. 2020

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“…18,19 A recent study examining the pharmacokinetic profile of Spectrum cigarettes found that, as expected, boosts in plasma nicotine concentration were reflective of the nicotine content of the cigarettes, also suggesting that compensatory smoking is not occurring with these reduced nicotine content cigarettes. 44…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Moderating Effects of Psychiatric Diagnosis and Symptom Severity on Subjective and Behavioral Responses to Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes

Gaalema

Tidey

Davis

et al. 2019

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

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Introduction Given FDA’s authority to implement a cigarette nicotine reduction policy, possible outcomes of this regulation must be examined, especially among those who may be most affected, such as those with comorbid psychiatric disorders. Methods In this secondary analysis of a multisite, randomized, clinical laboratory study, we used analyses of variance to examine the effects of nicotine dose (0.4, 2.4, 5.2, and 15.8 mg/g of tobacco), depressive and anxiety diagnoses (depression only, anxiety only, both, or neither), and depressive and anxiety symptom severity on cigarette choice, smoke exposure, craving, and withdrawal across three vulnerable populations: socioeconomically disadvantaged women of reproductive age, opioid-dependent individuals, and those with affective disorders (n = 169). Results Diagnosis and symptom severity largely had no effects on smoking choice, total puff volume, or CO boost. Significant main effects on craving and withdrawal were observed, with higher scores in those with both anxiety and depression diagnoses compared with depression alone or no diagnosis, and in those with more severe depressive symptoms (p’s < .001). These factors did not interact with nicotine dose. Cigarettes with <15.8 mg/g nicotine were less reinforcing, decreased total puff volume, and produced significant but lower magnitude and shorter duration reductions in craving and withdrawal than higher doses (p’s < .01). Conclusions Reducing nicotine dose reduced measures of cigarette addiction potential, with little evidence of moderation by either psychiatric diagnosis or symptom severity, providing evidence that those with comorbid psychiatric disorders would respond to a nicotine reduction policy similarly to other smokers. Implications Thus far, controlled studies in healthy populations of smokers have demonstrated that use of very low nicotine content cigarettes reduces cigarette use and dependence without resulting in compensatory smoking. These analyses extend those findings to a vulnerable population of interest, those with comorbid psychiatric disorders. Cigarettes with very low nicotine content were less reinforcing, decreased total puff volume, and produced significant but lower magnitude and shorter duration reductions in craving and withdrawal than higher doses. These nicotine dose effects did not interact with psychiatric diagnosis or mood symptom severity suggesting that smokers in this vulnerable population would respond to a nicotine reduction strategy similarly to other smokers.

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“…This is due to reduced nicotine intake and cigarette consumption over the duration of use. KAMENS et al (29) compared the pharmacokinetic profile of SPECTRUM®/VLN™ cigarettes to usual brand after a single use in twelve daily cigarette smokers. Nicotine area under the curve was reduced by 95%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Yield of Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes to the Top 100 United States Brand Styles

Carmines¹,

Gillman

2019

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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SummaryThe objective of this work was to compare the nicotine content and yield of new very low nicotine content cigarettes (VLN™) to the top 100 cigarette brand styles in the United States. Nicotine in tobacco filler and nicotine in smoke were measured. On a dry weight basis, VLN™ cigarettes averaged 0.5 mg of nicotine/g tobacco as compared to 19.4 for the top 100 brand styles in the United States. On a cigarette basis, VLN™ cigarettes contained 0.27 mg of nicotine compared to 12 mg for the top brands. On an ISO smoke yield basis, VLN™ produced 0.03 mg nicotine/cig compared to 0.903 mg nicotine/cig for the leading brands. VLN™ cigarettes contained > 95% less nicotine on a per gram basis of tobacco or per cigarette basis than the top 100 brand styles in the U.S. VLN™ cigarettes yielded > 95% less nicotine in smoke than the top brand styles in the United States.

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Pharmacokinetic Profile of Spectrum Reduced Nicotine Cigarettes

Cited by 15 publications

References 33 publications

Adolescent nicotine and tobacco smoke exposure enhances nicotine self-administration in female rats

Adolescent nicotine and tobacco smoke exposure enhances nicotine self-administration in female rats

Potential Moderating Effects of Psychiatric Diagnosis and Symptom Severity on Subjective and Behavioral Responses to Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes

Comparison of the Yield of Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes to the Top 100 United States Brand Styles

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