Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vecuronium bromide

Nomura, Toshiyuki

doi:10.1007/s0054020060028

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…They can be easily accessed by nitration of arenes and heteroarenes, [4–7] and further functionalized using a plethora of methods such as vicarious nucleophilic substitution, [8–10] nucleophilic aromatic substitution, [11,12] cross‐coupling reactions, [13–17] among others. Nitroarenes serve as key building blocks and versatile intermediates in synthetic chemistry and are precursors to a range of other academically and industrially relevant molecules, namely anilines, [18–21] aryl azides, [22–24] and aryl diazonium salts (Scheme 1a) [25,26] . Given their prevalence as inexpensive and readily available feedstocks, the development of innovative methodologies employing nitroarenes as the direct nitrogen source is of particular importance [27,28] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Synthesis of Unprotected Indolines Through Intramolecular sp³ C−H Amination Using Nitroarenes as Aryl Nitrene Precursors

Sirvinskaite,

Nardo,

Müller

et al. 2023

Chemistry A European J

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Given the prevalence of molecules containing nitro groups in organic synthesis, innovative methods to expand the reactivity of this functional group are of interest in both industrial and academic settings. In this report, a metal‐free intramolecular benzylic sp3 C–H amination is disclosed using aryl nitro compounds as aryl nitrene precursors. Organosilicon reagent N,N’‐bis(trimethylsilyl)‐4,4’‐bipyridinylidene (Si‐DHBP) served as an efficient reductant in the transformation, enabling the in situ generation of aryl nitrene species for the direct, metal‐free synthesis of unprotected 2‐arylindolines from the corresponding nitroarene compounds.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Synthesis of Unprotected Indolines Through Intramolecular sp³ C−H Amination Using Nitroarenes as Aryl Nitrene Precursors

Sirvinskaite,

Nardo,

Müller

et al. 2023

Chemistry A European J

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“…Aniline and substituted anilines are main intermediates for manufacturing plastics (polyurethanes), rubber, pharmaceuticals, herbicides and mainly used in the dyes and pigment industries. Conventionally, these products are manufactured by (i) Reduction of nitro aromatics using iron, tin, zinc or a metal sulphide such as Na 2 S, (ii) Catalytic hydrogenation using supported metal catalysts, or (iii) Transfer hydrogenation process . However some of the disadvantages of above process are low selectivity for amines/anilines, toxicity due to formation of elemental sulphur, and formation of sulphur containing organic side product in case of first approach.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Palladium Supported on Fluorinated Magnesium Hydroxide: An Efficient Catalyst for Hydrogenation under Ambient Conditions

et al. 2017

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In this study palladium supported on fluorinated magnesium hydroxide (Pd‐MgF2‐x(OH)x) was synthesized by fluorination of magnesium hydroxide using aqueous HF as fluorinating agent. The Mg(OH)2 dissolves in HF and precipitates as magnesium hydroxide fluoride. The Pd precursor was added in the same pot during precipitation of MgF2‐x(OH)x. The final catalyst after drying at 250 °C has shown very high efficiency for hydrogenation of styrene and range of nitro aromatics at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Hydrogenation of styrene has led to 37% conversion with 100% selectivity for hydrogenation of double bond after 3 h. The catalyst was successfully recycled for styrene hydrogenation without appreciable loss in the activity. Further hydrogenation of nitro‐aromatics was achieved with 99% conversion and 100% aniline selectivity at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The turnover number of ∼21774 was obtained for nitrobenzene hydrogenation. The catalyst has shown mesoporous nature (pore volume 0.25 cc/g, pore diameter 4.8 nm) with very high surface area of 106 m2/g. The palladium particle size was found to be in the range of 10–11 nm. Acidity measurements by FTIR of adsorbed pyridine revealed presence of Lewis acidic sites with moderate acidity. Mechanistic studies using in‐situ FTIR analysis for nitrobenzene hydrogenation revealed activation of nitrobenzene on the Lewis acid sites of the support whereas activation of hydrogen by heterolytic cleavage on Pd center.

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“…Moreover, only a few catalytic systems have been reported that enable fast, selective and productive TH with inexpensive, safe reductants in water while tolerating synthetically useful functional groups 1a. c–f, h, i, 4a A case in point is the TH of α‐substituted ketones, which has been rarely studied in aqueous media 5…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Versatile Iridicycle Catalysts for Highly Efficient and Chemoselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Carbonyl Compounds in Water

Talwar

Saidi

et al. 2014

Chemistry A European J

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Cyclometalated iridium complexes are shown to be highly efficient and chemoselective catalysts for the transfer hydrogenation of a wide range of carbonyl groups with formic acid in water. Examples include α-substituted ketones (α-ether, α-halo, α-hydroxy, α-amino, α-nitrile or α-ester), α-keto esters, β-keto esters and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. The reduction was carried out at substrate/catalyst ratios of up to 50 000 at pH 4.5 and required no organic solvent. The protocol provides a practical, easy and efficient way for the synthesis of β-functionalised secondary alcohols, such as β-hydroxyethers, β-hydroxyamines and β-hydroxyhalo compounds, which are valuable intermediates in pharmaceutical, fine chemical, perfume and agrochemical synthesis.

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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vecuronium bromide

Cited by 4 publications

References 22 publications

Direct Synthesis of Unprotected Indolines Through Intramolecular sp³ C−H Amination Using Nitroarenes as Aryl Nitrene Precursors

Direct Synthesis of Unprotected Indolines Through Intramolecular sp³ C−H Amination Using Nitroarenes as Aryl Nitrene Precursors

Palladium Supported on Fluorinated Magnesium Hydroxide: An Efficient Catalyst for Hydrogenation under Ambient Conditions

Versatile Iridicycle Catalysts for Highly Efficient and Chemoselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Carbonyl Compounds in Water

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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vecuronium bromide

Cited by 4 publications

References 22 publications

Direct Synthesis of Unprotected Indolines Through Intramolecular sp3 C−H Amination Using Nitroarenes as Aryl Nitrene Precursors

Direct Synthesis of Unprotected Indolines Through Intramolecular sp3 C−H Amination Using Nitroarenes as Aryl Nitrene Precursors

Palladium Supported on Fluorinated Magnesium Hydroxide: An Efficient Catalyst for Hydrogenation under Ambient Conditions

Versatile Iridicycle Catalysts for Highly Efficient and Chemoselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Carbonyl Compounds in Water

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Direct Synthesis of Unprotected Indolines Through Intramolecular sp³ C−H Amination Using Nitroarenes as Aryl Nitrene Precursors

Direct Synthesis of Unprotected Indolines Through Intramolecular sp³ C−H Amination Using Nitroarenes as Aryl Nitrene Precursors