Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Acyclovir in Tragopans (Tragopan species)

Rush, Elizabeth Marie; Hunter, R. P.; Papich, Mark G.; Raphael, Bonnie L.; Calle, Paul P.; Clippinger, Tracy L.; Cook, Robert A.

doi:10.1647/2004-026.1

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Results of an ACV pharmacokinetics study in hybrid tragopans ( Tragopan caboti x Tragopan temminckii ) where ACV was administered to five healthy adult birds, three males and two females, in a single dose of 40, 80, or 120 mg/kg BW PO suggest that a dosage of 120 mg/kg BW PO q12h in tragopans may achieve effective plasma concentrations (1.0 µg/mL) for potential treatment and prevention of herpesviral infections [ 24 ]. Although the nonlinearity of acyclovir pharmacokinetics in this species makes dose extrapolation difficult, this suggestion is based on maintaining plasma acyclovir concentrations above the accepted effective acyclovir plasma level (1.0 µg/mL) for 12 h after administration of the 120 mg/kg dose.…”

Section: Acyclovirmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiviral Chemotherapy in Avian Medicine—A Review

Szotowska,

Ledwoń

2024

Viruses

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This review article describes the current knowledge about the use of antiviral chemotherapeutics in avian species, such as farm poultry and companion birds. Specific therapeutics are described in alphabetical order including classic antiviral drugs, such as acyclovir, abacavir, adefovir, amantadine, didanosine, entecavir, ganciclovir, interferon, lamivudine, penciclovir, famciclovir, oseltamivir, ribavirin, and zidovudine, repurposed drugs, such as ivermectin and nitazoxanide, which were originally used as antiparasitic drugs, and some others substances showing antiviral activity, such as ampligen, azo derivates, docosanol, fluoroarabinosylpyrimidine nucleosides, and novel peptides. Most of them have only been used for research purposes and are not widely used in clinical practice because of a lack of essential pharmacokinetic and safety data. Suggested future research directions are also highlighted.

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Section: Acyclovirmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiviral Chemotherapy in Avian Medicine—A Review

Szotowska,

Ledwoń

2024

Viruses

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Interspecies Allometric Scaling

Hunter

2010

Comparative and Veterinary Pharmacology

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Lack of approved pharmaceutical agents and very limited pharmacokinetic data in the scientific literature for exotic, wildlife, and zoo species are a major issue for veterinarians treating these species. There are fewer than 15 compounds approved in the United States for zoo and wildlife species compared to nearly 300 drugs licensed for cattle. Zoo veterinarians are therefore required to extrapolate the use of approved agents (veterinary or human) to nonapproved species, often with little or no scientific basis to support drug or dose schedule selection. In general, species differences in drug absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion have been well documented for domestic species. However, there has been limited research to provide similar data for nondomestic species. Consequently, with the possible exception of pet bird species, there is little published information on the pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs in nondomestic species. Additionally, because of the commercial value of many zoo species, the traditional method of "trial and error" for drug and dose selection and related compliance issues is often inappropriate. There is an understandable concern, whereby the zoo veterinarian does not wish to be the first to administer an agent or formulation in an untested species. "One medicine" is a central concept in treating zoo species, in that vertebrate species are generally more similar than dissimilar. However, drug absorption can vary within as well as between species. Considering the anatomical differences between true monogastrics (canine and feline species), hind-gut fermentors (rodents, rabbits, horses, and elephants), fore-gut fermentors (Colobus monkeys and kangaroos), and ruminants (cattle, goats, sheep, and antelope), the potential for differences in pharmacokinetic profiles are marked. Moreover, there are potential differences between organisms in a single class. An example is the ability of several snake species to up- and down-regulate their digestive systems. This renders the time course of oral drug absorption dependent on both body temperature and time after feeding. Plasma protein binding may vary considerably between species and may also be temperature dependent. This is very significant when treating poikilothermic (reptiles, amphibians, and fish) species and when conducting pharmacokinetic studies with highly protein-bound drugs. The large body sizes of some zoo species create additional considerations for treatment with drugs and can place significant limitations on delivery of an effective drug dose.

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