Pharmacokinetics of a Single Dose of Fluralaner Administered Orally to American Black Bears (Ursus Americanus)

Wick, Peach Van; Papich, Mark G.; Hashem, Brie; Dominguez‐Villegas, Ernesto

doi:10.1638/2019-0200

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Although we did not observe reinfestation of any of the bears in this study, other researchers have noted reinfestation in other species, and it can become common in certain species (Loredo et al 2020). Additionally, black bears are considered game animals in Pennsylvania and elsewhere within their North American range, limiting the type and timing of acaricide treatment that may be used, to allow for withdrawal periods before hunting seasons (Van Wick et al 2020).…”

Section: Modelcontrasting

confidence: 58%

Resolution of Clinical Signs of Sarcoptic Mange in American Black Bears (Ursus Americanus), in Ivermectin-Treated and Nontreated Individuals

Tiffin,

Brown,

Ternent

et al. 2024

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Section: Modelcontrasting

confidence: 58%

Resolution of Clinical Signs of Sarcoptic Mange in American Black Bears (Ursus Americanus), in Ivermectin-Treated and Nontreated Individuals

Tiffin,

Brown,

Ternent

et al. 2024

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…At present, mammalian pharmacokinetic studies following ingestion of fluralaner are limited and have only been conducted in dogs and black bears [ 59 , 60 ]. However, our calculated LC 50 for C. sonorensis at 1 h and 24 h post-ingestion falls well within the known maximum plasma concentrations for fluralaner for these species (dogs: 3948 ng/ml, black bears: 14550 ng/ml), suggesting that midges feeding on fluralaner-treated animals would consume a fatal dose.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MRT is used to calculate acceptable levels of a compound in tissue to be consumed in meat animals, in conjunction with re-application intervals. Fluralaner’s pharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a long systemic persistence, with the MRT of orally administered fluralaner being 15 days in dogs and 7 days in black bears [ 59 , 60 ]. However, as we propose use in livestock animals, MRT and the frequency of application needed for successful control of Culicoides need to be studied.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topical, contact, and oral susceptibility of adult Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to fluralaner

Lawson

McDermott

2023

Parasites Vectors

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Background Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are economically important blood-feeding pests closely associated with livestock production. They are the principal vectors of two hemorrhagic disease viruses affecting both wild and domestic ruminants within the US: bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). BTV impacts the US agriculture sector through direct commodity loss and strict international livestock trade restrictions. Yet, despite posing a considerable threat to US livestock, Culicoides are understudied, and management strategies are lacking. Current control tools for Culicoides are limited to synthetic chemicals, predominantly pyrethroids. With limited products available for livestock producers, proper pesticide rotation is difficult. The present study investigates the efficacy of fluralaner, an isoxazoline insecticide, beyond its current labeled use as an ectoparasiticide in anticipation of adding a new class of pesticides into rotation for use against biting midges. Methods The efficacy of fluralaner was evaluated by conducting contact, topical, and oral toxicity bioassays on adult female Culicoides sonorensis. Contact toxicity was assessed by using a modified WHO cone assay, which simulates exposure through landing on an insecticide-treated surface. A modified WHO topical toxicity assay, in which fluralaner dilutions were administered to the lateral thorax, was used to assess topical toxicity. For evaluation of oral toxicity, females were offered a blood meal spiked with fluralaner in an artificial membrane feeding system to simulate a systemic insecticide. Results Contact exposure of fluralaner did not cause extensive or consistent mortality. Even the highest concentration tested (100 mg/ml) resulted in an average of only 24.3% mortality at 24 h, and mortality did not significantly differ between exposed and control midges at any concentration. One hundred percent mortality was consistently achieved at concentrations of 1 mg/ml when fluralaner was applied topically. The LC50 for topical exposure to fluralaner at 24 h was estimated to be 0.011 mg/ml. Oral exposure to fluralaner through ingestion of a spiked blood meal proved to be the most effective exposure method, significantly increasing mortality in a dose-dependent manner at 1 h post-exposure. The LC50 at 24 h following ingestion was 14.42 ng/ml. Conclusion Our results suggest that fluralaner is a viable candidate for use as an insecticide against adult biting midges if exposed orally, such as in a systemic given to livestock. As withdrawal period requirements for meat animals present unique yet definitive challenges, pharmacokinetic studies of isoxazoline drugs need to be pursued and finalized for livestock before fluralaner may be used as a management strategy in this manner. Alternatively, livestock not raised for consumption, such as hair sheep, would directly benefit from administering oral fluralaner as a component of a BTV disease management program. Graphical abstract

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Evaluation of acaricide treatments to experimentally reduce winter tick load on moose

De Pierre,

Déry,

Asselin

et al. 2024

Wildlife Society Bulletin

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Quantifying the consequences of winter ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) on the body condition and life‐history traits of moose (Alces alces) is a challenge due to several confounding factors. We experimentally reduced tick load on moose calves by testing the effectiveness of 2 acaricide treatments: one using topical permethrin (5%) alone and the other a combination of a more concentrated topical permethrin (44%) and orally administered fluralaner (25 mg/kg). We evaluated changes in tick load, body mass, hematocrit, and hair loss severity and occurrence, from recaptured or resighted moose calves over winter in Québec and New Brunswick, Canada. Nearly all untreated moose (94%, n = 41) experienced hair loss compared to calves that received the combination of permethrin (44%) and fluralaner (41%, n = 37). Of treated moose that exhibited hair loss, only 22% had more than 5% damage and some already had hair loss at capture. Capturing moose later likely increased the probability of observing hair loss when resighting treated moose, although hair loss essentially remained lower for treated calves than for untreated calves. In untreated moose, tick load at capture tended to drive hair loss, but calendar date mostly drove hair loss severity, especially during April. There was no clear effect of topical permethrin (5%) on tick load, body mass, and hematocrit. Body condition simply decreased from January captures to spring recaptures, regardless of treatment. Our results suggested that combining permethrin (44%) and fluralaner effectively reduced tick load based on hair loss severity and occurrence. We cannot, however, disentangle the individual effects of permethrin (44%) and fluralaner. We discuss research implications and considerations of using such a treatment for reducing winter tick load.

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Pharmacokinetics of a Single Dose of Fluralaner Administered Orally to American Black Bears (Ursus Americanus)

Cited by 7 publications

References 12 publications

Resolution of Clinical Signs of Sarcoptic Mange in American Black Bears (Ursus Americanus), in Ivermectin-Treated and Nontreated Individuals

Resolution of Clinical Signs of Sarcoptic Mange in American Black Bears (Ursus Americanus), in Ivermectin-Treated and Nontreated Individuals

Topical, contact, and oral susceptibility of adult Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to fluralaner

Evaluation of acaricide treatments to experimentally reduce winter tick load on moose

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