Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin after single intravenous and repeat oral administration to cats

Abstract

The pharmacokinetic properties of ciprofloxacin, a second-generation fluoroquinolone, were investigated in six cats after single intravenous and repeat oral administration at a dosage of 10 mg/kg b.i.d. Ciprofloxacin serum concentration was analyzed by microbiological assay using Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 10031 as microorganism test. Serum ciprofloxacin disposition was best fitted to a bicompartmental and a monocompartmental open models with first-order elimination after intravenous and oral dosing respectively. After intravenous administration, distribution was rapid (t(1/2(d)), 0.22 +/- 0.23 h) and wide as reflected by the steady-state volume of distribution of 3.85 +/- 1.34 L/kg. Furthermore, elimination was rapid with a plasma clearance of 0.64 +/- 0.28 L/h.kg and a t(1/2(el)) of 4.53 +/- 0.74 h. After repeat oral administration, absorption was rapid with a half-life of 0.23 +/- 0.22 h and T(max) of 1.30 +/- 0.67 h. However bioavailability was low (33 +/- 12%), the peak plasma concentration at steady-state was 1.26 +/- 0.67 microg/mL. Drug accumulation was not significant after seven oral administrations. When efficacy predictors were estimated ciprofloxacin showed a good profile against gram-negative bacteria when administered either intravenously or orally, although its efficacy against gram-positive microorganisms is lower.

Disposition kinetics and urinary excretion of ciprofloxacin in goats following single intravenous administration

“…The distribution half-life (t 1/2 α) in goats was similar to murrah buffalo calves [29]. However, the values were lower than the observed distribution half-life in pre-ruminant calves [25], cats [2], and cow calves [17]. …”

“…Ciprofloxacin concentration versus time data is best described by a biphasic curve and was similar to the disposition in pre-ruminant calves and piglets, goats, dogs, ponies, sheep, buffalo calves and cats [1,2,8,22,25,29,30]. The distribution of the ciprofloxacin appeared to be quite rapid, as indicated by short distribution half-life (0.108 ± 0.03 h) and 2.11 fold reduction in the serum drug concentration within 30 min of its administration.…”

“…Higher values were reported in cats [2], horses [26], cow calves [34], buffalo calves [30], and men [6]. Ciprofloxacin showed a Vd ss (2.012 ± 0.37 l/kg) that indicates the drug is well distributed to extra-vascular tissue, as a volume of distribution of one indicates good extra-vascular tissue distribution [3].…”

Comparison of Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Indices of Efficacy for 5 Fluoroquinolones Toward Pathogens of Dogs and Cats

“…Mean oral bioavailability in dogs approximates 40% 5 and is even less in cats (0-20%). 28 Further, because enrofloxacin administration yields clinically relevant concentrations of ciprofloxacin (enrofloxacin+ciproflox-acin, Fig 3), routine selection of ciprofloxacin might not be warranted. Regulatory issues also might be considered.…”

Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Marbofloxacin in Pig against Korean Local Isolates ofActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

“…The determination of pharmacokinetic parameters and their interspecies differences helps to minimize dosage errors. The pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin have been investigated in different animals and it demonstrated an almost 100% bioavailability, higher concentration in plasma and peripheral tissues in goats [17], cows [18], cats [19], sheep [20], dogs [21], and pigs [22, 23]. Although, some studies have been published on the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in animals including pigs [3, 18–22, 24, 25], yet the pharmacokinetic data of marbofloxacin in pig tissues and plasma is not sufficient enough to predict the efficacy of this drug precisely.…”