Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after oral, intramuscular and bath administration in crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

Abstract

The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin (ENR) was studied in crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) after single administration by intramuscular (IM) injection and oral gavage (PO) at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight and by 5 mg/L bath for 5 hr at 25°C. The plasma concentrations of ENR and ciprofloxacin (CIP) were determined by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated based on mean ENR or CIP concentrations using WinNonlin 6.1 software. After IM, PO and bath administration, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 2.29, 3.24 and 0.36 μg/ml was obtained at 4.08, 0.68 and 0 hr, respectively; the elimination half‐life (T1/2β) was 80.95, 62.17 and 61.15 hr, respectively; the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) values were 223.46, 162.72 and 14.91 μg hr/ml, respectively. CIP, an active metabolite of enrofloxacin, was detected and measured after all methods of drug administration except bath. It is possible and practical to obtain therapeutic blood concentrations of enrofloxacin in the crucian carp using IM, PO and bath immersion administration.

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of enrofloxacin against Aeromonas hydrophila in crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

“…In the present study, with four separate tests at doses of 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg body weight, the time to reach peak level was short ( T max = 0.5–1 hr), which was in agreement with that ( T max = 0.5–1 hr) reported in grass carp after oral administration of ENR at a dose of 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg (Xu, Wang, Yang & Lu, ). At the test dose of 10 mg/kg, T 1/2λz and AUC of ENR in serum were 67.76 hr and 177.08 μg hr/ml, respectively, these values were close to that (62.17 hr, 162.72 μg hr/ml) obtained in crucian carp in previous studies (Shan et al., ), but considerably higher compared with those reported in snakehead fish (35.8 hr, 49.98 μg hr/ml) (Fang, Zhou & Liu, ), brown trout (22.09 hr, 54.95 μg hr/ml) (Koc, Uney, Atamanalp, Tumer & Kaban, ), and Korean catfish(34.13 hr 38.43 μg hr/ml) (Kim, Lim, Park, Hwang & Yun, ).…”

“…The pharmacokinetics of ENR has been previously studied in seabass (Intorre et al., ), koi carp (Udomkusonsri, Arthitvong, Klangkaew & Kusucharit, ), rainbow trout (Bowser, Wooster, Stleger & Babish, ), striped catfish (Phu et al., ), red pacu (Lewbart et al., ), and crucian carp (Fang, Liu, Liu & Lu, ). The metabolism of ENR to CIP in aquatic animals is limited, such as a few percentages in crucian carp (Shan et al., ), catfish (Danyi et al., ), and turbot scophthalmus maximus (Liang, Li, Zhao, Liu & Chang, ). However, there have been no previous reports of pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) integration of data for ENR in aquatic animals.…”

Pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of enrofloxacin in the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) after oral administration

“…Enrofloxacin administered at a dose of 20 mg/kg in largemouth bass was well tolerated with no serious adverse events encountered during the study. A T 1/2Ka value of 0.07 hr and a T max value of 0.60 hr indicates fast absorption after oral administration, similar results have been found in crucian carp (Shan, Fan, et al, 2018; after oral administration, for which T 1/2Ka and T max were 0.13 and 0.68 hr, respectively. T 1/2β of ENR in largemouth bass treated orally was 90.79 hr, which is similar to that previously observed in grass carp (T 1/2β = 97.36 hr) after oral administration at a dose of 30 mg/kg, but longer than that obtained from crucian carp (Shan, Fan, et al, 2018;, Koi…”

“…A T 1/2Ka value of 0.07 hr and a T max value of 0.60 hr indicates fast absorption after oral administration, similar results have been found in crucian carp (Shan, Fan, et al, ; Shan, Wang, et al, ) after oral administration, for which T 1/2Ka and T max were 0.13 and 0.68 hr, respectively. T 1/2β of ENR in largemouth bass treated orally was 90.79 hr, which is similar to that previously observed in grass carp ( T 1/2β = 97.36 hr) after oral administration at a dose of 30 mg/kg, but longer than that obtained from crucian carp (Shan, Fan, et al, ; Shan, Wang, et al, ), Koi Carp (Udomkusonsri, Arthitvong, Klangkaew, & Kusucharit, ), seabass (Intorre et al, ), and catfish (Kim, Lim, Park, Hwang, & Yun, ). However, even longer T 1/2β values have been observed in turbot scophthalmus maximus (Liang, Jian, Zhao, Ping, & Chang, ) and european eel (Fang, Hui‐Juan, Cai, Zhou, & Huang, ; Fang, Zhou, et al, ).…”

“…ENF has been used widely to treat various systemic bacterial fish infections in many countries (Bowser, Wooster, & Hsu, ; Maluping et al, ; Martinsen, Oppegaard, Wichstrøm, & Myhr, ). The pharmacokinetics behavior of ENF has been determined in crucian carp (Shan, Fan, et al, ; Shan, Wang, et al, ), red pacu (Lewbart et al, ), Atlantic salmon (Stoffregen, Wooster, Bustos, Bowser, & Babish, ), striped catfish (Phu et al, ), and grass carp (Xu, Wang, Yang, & Lu, ). ENF exhibited good absorption, high bioavailability, large volume of distribution, and long terminal half‐life.…”