Pharmacokinetics of Maleic Acid as a Food Adulterant Determined by Microdialysis in Rat Blood and Kidney Cortex

Abstract

Maleic acid has been shown to be used as a food adulterant in the production of modified starch by the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration. Due to the potential toxicity of maleic acid to the kidneys, this study aimed to develop an analytical method to investigate the pharmacokinetics of maleic acid in rat blood and kidney cortex. Multiple microdialysis probes were simultaneously inserted into the jugular vein and the kidney cortex for sampling after maleic acid administration (10 or 30 mg/kg, i.v., respectively). The pharmacokinetic results demonstrated that maleic acid produced a linear pharmacokinetic phenomenon within the doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg. The area under concentration versus time curve (AUC) of the maleic acid in kidney cortex was 5-fold higher than that in the blood after maleic acid administration (10 and 30 mg/kg, i.v., respectively), indicating that greater accumulation of maleic acid occurred in the rat kidney.

Nuclear magnetic resonance‐ and mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics to study maleic acid toxicity from repeated dose exposure in rats

“…Our targeted analysis revealed that significantly elevated urinary levels of 8-OHdG and 8-NO 2 Gua were observed as early as within 12 hours after MA consumption; while statistically meaningful increases in 8-isoPGF 2 α were witnessed within 24 hours. Both phenomena correspond with the rapid absorption and elimination of MA demonstrated in established reports (Hou, Lu, Lin, Lin, & Tsai, 2016;Wu et al, 2016a). Additionally, our results revealed that MA triggers oxidant and nitrosant attacks; such stress could lead to cellular or tissue damage in the kidneys and liver, as supported by our histological observations of undefined glomerular cells, disorderly arrangement of the tubular epithelial cell vacuoles and renal tubules.…”

Elevation in and persistence of multiple urinary biomarkers indicative of oxidative DNA stress and inflammation: Toxicological implications of maleic acid consumption using a rat model

“…To achieve detection of low concentrations of MA, advances in analytical methods with LC-MS/MS and Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics were reached to attain high sensitivity and specificity [ 6 , 7 ]. Improvements in these methods furthered our understanding of the pharmacokinetic behavior and can also assist in investigating the toxicological implications of MA from consumption [ 8 – 10 ]. However, most of the toxic effects occur at the cellular and tissue levels.…”

A Study on Acetylglutamine Pharmacokinetics in Rat Blood and Brain Based on Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Microdialysis Technique

“…The MD probe recovery could be influenced by the following experimental elements including the length, diameter and materials of the membrane, effective surface area, probe geometry, the diffusion coefficient of the analyte, the component of perfusion solution, the flow rate for perfusion, time, temperature, and the property of the substance. For MD in vivo, the tissue environment has additional effects on the recovery (Sun et al, 2001;Hou et al, 2016). In the present study, MD was successfully conducted for the measurement of NAG in blood as well as brain tissue.…”