Pharmacokinetics of transdermal methyl-, ethyl-, and propylparaben in humans following single dermal administration

Shin, Min Kyung; Choi, Jeong Weon; Lee, Seung-Ho; Kim, Sung-Min; Kho, Younglim; Choi, Kyungho; Kim, Sungkyoon

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136689

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Despite having a short half-life of

h, studies have found parabens to be detectable in urine for at least 48 h after dermal exposure, and 24 h after ingestion, suggesting that first morning urine samples could robustly reflect exposures from the previous evening and may even reflect exposures from the past 24–48 h, depending on exposure route. 40 , 41 , 95 Because personal care products are often used in the morning, the samples in this study might be less likely to reflect parabens from personal care product use and more likely to reflect dietary exposures, as evidenced by the metabolites we were able to identify. Sampling time thus could have influenced our findings and might help explain why we did not find metabolites associated with personal care product use despite this being a major route of paraben exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urinary Paraben Concentrations and Associations with the Periconceptional Urinary Metabolome: Untargeted and Targeted Metabolomics Analyses of Participants from the Early Pregnancy Study

Rosen Vollmar,

Rattray,

Cai

et al. 2023

Environ Health Perspect

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Background: Parabens, found in everyday items from personal care products to foods, are chemicals with endocrine-disrupting activity, which has been shown to influence reproductive function. Objectives: This study investigated whether urinary concentrations of methylparaben, propylparaben, or butylparaben were associated with the urinary metabolome during the periconceptional period, a critical window for female reproductive function. Changes to the periconceptional urinary metabolome could provide insights into the mechanisms by which parabens could impact fertility. Methods: Urinary paraben concentrations were measured in paired pre- and postconception urine samples from 42 participants in the Early Pregnancy Study, a prospective cohort of 221 women attempting to conceive. We performed untargeted and targeted metabolomics analyses using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. We used principal component analysis, orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis, and permutation testing, coupled with univariate statistical analyses, to find metabolites associated with paraben concentration at the two time points. Potential confounders were identified with a directed acyclic graph and used to adjust results with multivariable linear regression. Metabolites were identified using fragmentation data. Results: Seven metabolites were associated with paraben concentration (variable importance to projection score , false discovery rate–corrected ). We identified four diet-related metabolites to the Metabolomics Standards Initiative (MSI) certainty of identification level 2, including metabolites from smoke flavoring, grapes, and olive oil. One metabolite was identified to the class level only (MSI level 3). Two metabolites were unidentified (MSI level 4). After adjustment, three metabolites remained associated with methylparaben and propylparaben, two of which were diet-related. No metabolomic markers of endocrine disruption were associated with paraben concentrations. Discussion: This study identified novel relationships between urinary paraben concentrations and diet-related metabolites but not with metabolites on endocrine-disrupting pathways, as hypothesized. It demonstrates the feasibility of integrating untargeted metabolomics data with environmental exposure information and epidemiological adjustment for confounders. The findings underscore a potentially important connection between diet and paraben exposure, with applications to nutritional epidemiology and dietary exposure assessment. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12125

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“…Despite having a short half-life of

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 35 Because parabens are rapidly metabolized, with a half-life of 20–90 min and high intraindividual variability, pooled rather than single urine samples were analyzed to better represent exposure across a menstrual cycle. 5 , 36 – 41 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Paraben Concentrations and Associations with the Periconceptional Urinary Metabolome: Untargeted and Targeted Metabolomics Analyses of Participants from the Early Pregnancy Study

Rosen Vollmar,

Rattray,

Cai

et al. 2023

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Bisphenol A (BPA) has been shown to be associated with estrogenicity and endocrine-disrupting properties, has adverse neuropsychiatric effects and may be involved in the formation of NETs; it may be indirectly involved in miscarriage, cardiovascular disease, especially hypertension, reduced heart rate variability, diabetes, obesity, eye disease, allergic skin reactions, respiratory irritation, acute/chronic kidney disease, and liver disease ( Figure 1 ). However, the effects of BPA depend on the dose, the sex of the patient, the tissue and developmental stage of the exposed tissue/organ, and the time of exposure [ 14 , 18 , 19 , 21 , 24 , 26 , 28 , 29 , 31 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ].…”

Section: Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As its adverse health effects have been repeatedly confirmed, it is necessary to identify the most important sources of exposure [ 10 , 14 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Many times, the magnitude of exposure is related to the use of hygiene measures, which may result from individual patterns, physiological characteristics of the body, and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, such as the amount and frequency applied to selected body sites, season of use, frequency of inhalation [ 20 , 27 , 29 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bisphenol A—What Do We Know? A Global or Local Approach at the Public Health Risk Level

Charkiewicz,

Omeljaniuk,

Nikliński

2024

IJMS

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BPA has demonstrated enormous multisystem and multi-organ toxicity shown mainly in animal models. Meanwhile, the effects of its exposure in humans still require years of observation, research, and answers to many questions. Even minimal and short-term exposure contributes to disorders or various types of dysfunction. It is released directly or indirectly into the environment at every stage of the product life cycle, demonstrating its ease of penetration into the body. The ubiquity and general prevalence of BPA influenced the main objective of the study, which was to assess the toxicity and health effects of BPA and its derivatives based on the available literature. In addition, the guidelines of various international institutions or regions of the world in terms of its reduction in individual products were checked. Bisphenol A is the most widely known chemical and perhaps even the most studied by virtually all international or national organizations, but nonetheless, it is still controversial. In general, the level of BPA biomonitoring is still too high and poses a potential threat to public health. It is beginning to be widely argued that future toxicity studies should focus on molecular biology and the assessment of human exposure to BPA, as well as its substitutes. The effects of its exposure still require years of observation, extensive research, and answers to many questions. It is necessary to continue to deepen the knowledge and interest of many organizations, companies, and consumers around the world in order to make rational purchases as well as future choices, not only consumer ones.

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Esters of Monocarboxylic Acids

Ziegler‐Skylakakis

2023

Patty's Toxicology

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This chapter deals with esters of monocarboxylic acids as well as with monoalcohols, di‐, tri‐, or polyalcohols, such as glycerol esters, resorcinol esters, and gallates. The esters of aromatic monocarboxylic acids are benzoates, salicylates, parabens, cinnamates, p ‐aminobenzoates, and o ‐aminobenzoates. The chemical structures and the physicochemical properties of these chemicals vary considerably. Accordingly, they are widely used in different industrial settings and consumer products. Some of these compounds occur naturally. They exhibit in general a low toxicity.

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Pharmacokinetics of transdermal methyl-, ethyl-, and propylparaben in humans following single dermal administration

Cited by 11 publications

References 30 publications

Urinary Paraben Concentrations and Associations with the Periconceptional Urinary Metabolome: Untargeted and Targeted Metabolomics Analyses of Participants from the Early Pregnancy Study

Urinary Paraben Concentrations and Associations with the Periconceptional Urinary Metabolome: Untargeted and Targeted Metabolomics Analyses of Participants from the Early Pregnancy Study

Bisphenol A—What Do We Know? A Global or Local Approach at the Public Health Risk Level

Esters of Monocarboxylic Acids

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