Pharmacologic Management of Psychiatric and Behavioral Symptoms in Mental Retardation

Psychopharmacological treatments in persons with dual diagnosis of psychiatric disorders and developmental disabilities

“…These findings are consistent with those reported by Santosh and Baird 43 and Madrid et al 70 in extensive reviews of the literature regarding the pharmacological management of behavioural and psychiatric disturbances in people with developmental disabilities.…”

Health, healthcare utilization and psychiatric disorder in people with intellectual disability in Taiwan

“…Despite the relative scarcity of studies and a lack of standardized methods in the field of ID and psychiatric disorders (Einfeld & Tonge 1996a), it was clear that the prevalence of psychiatric disorders was gradually increasing in people with ID (Santosk & Baird 1999), their psychiatric disorders were more prevalent than those of the general population (Rutter et al . 1976; Gostason 1985; Borthwick‐Duffy & Eyman 1990; Dosen 1993; Tonge & Einfeld 2000; Voelker 2002; Emerson 2003) and they often display disruptive behaviours in people with ID (Madrid et al . 2000).…”

Practitioner Review: Psychopharmacology in children and adolescents with mental retardation

“…Among persons with MR, the typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine (Thorazine), haloperidol (Haldol), thioridazine (Mellaril)) have long been prescribed for disorders other than psychosis, including aggression, hyperactivity, antisocial behavior, stereotypies, and SIB. The atypical antipsychotics have recently become the treatment of choice for children with MR, based upon the belief that these agents have a more benign side effect profile (Aman & Madrid, 1999; Aman et al, 2000; Madrid, State, & King, 2000). This is especially important as children with MR may be at increased risk for side effects (Madrid et al, 2000).…”