Pharmacologic Properties of Ketorolac Tromethamine: A Potent Analgesic Drug

Sonochemical Formation of Copper/Iron‐Modified Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites for Ketorolac Delivery

“…Notably,t he appearance of CuCO 3 is associated with the C1 sp eak at 287.5 eV and O1 sa t5 33.9 eV, which are not observed in either N2 or N7. In addition, we exclude the formation of CuSO 4 and Cu 3 (SO 4 )(OH) 4 because the XPS Cu 2p results also have higher binding energy values (935.2 and 955.0 eV). [99] As mall broad peak at 934.8 eV and shake-up components at 943.5 and 963.8 eV appear only in N2, revealing the Cu 2 + state, [99,102,103] which can be attributed to the formation of Cu 2 + S 2 and Cu 2 + O 2À .…”

“…Ketorolac also suppresses early breast cancerr elapse and improves the postoperative oncological outcome. [4] The anticancer effects of ketorolac and its aptitude to deactivate inflammatoryp athways can be particularly useful in the retardation of tumor growth. [5] Commonly,k etorolaci sa dministered as the tromethamine salt orally,i ntramuscularly,i ntravenously,o ra satopical ophthalmic solution.I ti sc onsidered af irst-generation NSAID, with an efficacy 800 times highert han that of aspirin with ab iological half-life of 4-6 h. [6] Ketorolac is nonaddictive in nature and does not induce nausea and respiratory side effects.…”

Narrative review shows that the short‐term use of ketorolac is safe and effective in the management of moderate‐to‐severe pain in children

“…It has also been reported that ketorolac is associated with mitochondrial calcium release, local nitric oxide synthesis and interaction with the cannabinoid receptor and all these processes may be involved in its analgesic effect (30). In several clinical trials, ketorolac, administered by different routes, produced analgesia to a similar extent as morphine and other opioids, but was not associated with sedative or anxiolytic effects and did not have any effects on gut motility (7,29,30). When ketorolac was coadministered with morphine, it produced a higher analgesic effect than that obtained with either drug alone or together (30).…”

“…Besides the gastrointestinal and renal adverse reactions, other less common adverse effects reported after multiple doses of intramuscular ketorolac include somnolence, pain at the injection site, increased sweating, nausea, headache, dizziness, vomiting, pruritus and vasodilation (45). Ketorolac, unlike opioids, has not been associated with respiratory depression or tolerance (30,45).…”

“…Numerous adult studies have compared the analgesic effects of ketorolac versus tramadol and other opioids in surgical settings, showing similar efficacy, reduced adverse effects and a morphine‐sparing effect . In multiple‐dose studies, ketorolac has shown an equivalent or superior profile when compared with either opioids or other NSAIDs in relieving moderate‐to‐severe pain . Ketorolac is also used as a therapy for renal colic pain.…”