Pharmacological and Toxicological Effects of <scp><i>Catha edulis</i></scp> F. (Khat)

Engidawork, Ephrem

doi:10.1002/ptr.5832

Cited by 39 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…The reported prevalence of qat chewing in Yemen, Ethiopia, and the Jazan region of KSA is 61.12%, 42%, and 28.7%, respectively 24, 25, 26. Students chew qat believing that it improves memory, alertness, and clear thinking 27 . An interesting finding in the current study was the absence of obesity among Yemeni university students.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 45%

Prevalence of dyslipidemia among students of a Yemeni University

Al-Duais

Al-Awthan

2019

Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences

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Objectives To estimate the prevalence of dyslipidemia and patterns of lipid profile and associated factors among Yemeni university students. Methods This cross-sectional study included 240 Yemeni students (116 males and 124 females) at Ibb University. The students were randomly selected from various faculties of the university. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from all participants. Fasting blood specimens were collected from all students for measurement of serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) were used. Results The mean age of the studied cohort was 19.8 ± 1.8 years; 48.3% were men and 51.7% were women. About 56.7% of the participants were from rural areas. Qat chewers and cigarette smokers comprised 63.3% and 6.7% of the cohort, respectively. No obese students were found in this study; however, 11.7% were overweight. The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, high LDL-C, and low HDL-C among the participating students were 86.7%, 21.7%, 23.8%, 31.7%, and 81.7%, respectively. Mixed hyperlipidemia was present in 8.8% of the students. The prevalence of isolated hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-C was 12.9%, 15%, and 70%, respectively. Dyslipidemia was significantly associated with male sex, increasing age, urban residence, and medical and natural science faculties. In contrast, smoking, qat chewing, physical activity, and the consumption of fast food, fruits and vegetables, and fish were not significantly associated with dyslipidemia. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first human study conducted at Ibb University during wartime in Yemen. Dyslipidemia was highly prevalent among healthy Yemeni university students in Ibb city. Low HDL-C was the most prevalent type of dyslipidemia, followed by increased levels of LDL-C. Gender, age, residence, and type of faculty were also closely related to dyslipidemia. These results indicate the need for specialized programs to determine blood lipid levels and initiate intervention programs to reduce the prevalence and prevent the complications of dyslipidemia among Yemeni university students.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 45%

Prevalence of dyslipidemia among students of a Yemeni University

Al-Duais

Al-Awthan

2019

Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences

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“…However there is a need for further studies to establish the molecular mechanisms involved in anti-PD potential of khat extract. However, the adverse effects of khat extract including disturbance in mood, hallucinations, delusions, elevation of arterial blood pressure, risk of carcinoma of the mouth and esophagus, anorexia, constipation [5,6] may hamper its therapeutic use for long lasting or chronic movement disorders. Although khat is known to have several limitations to be used for therapeutic purposes, future research should address whether khat or the sprayed pesticides are the culprit for most of the side effects as well as how to minimize intrinsic adverse effects associated with khat use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cathinone is the main active constituent of khat leaves and has the same mode of action as amphetamine [3], and behavioral effect of cathinone in animals is similar to amphetamine [3,4,5]. Khat chewing results in different CNS (central nervous system) effects including euphoria, excitation, anorexia, increased respiration, hyperthermia, analgesia, increased sensory stimulation [5,6], increased locomotion, and altered performance in several behavioral experiments in rodents [7,8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of CB2 Receptors in the Neurobehavioral Effects of Catha Edulis (Vahl) Endl. (Khat) in Mice

et al. 2019

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There is behavioral evidence for the interaction between crude khat extract and the endocannabinoid system, whereby the endocannabinoid system alters khat extract-mediated behavioral effects through modulation of the monoaminergic system. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of the endocannabinoid system on the neurobehavioral effect of khat extract in mice following concomitant administration of khat extract and the CB2R agonist, JWH133. Locomotor activity test, immunohistochemistry, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction technique were utilized to assess locomotor activity, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity, and expression of dopamine transporter mRNA gene. The results show sub-acute administration of khat extract alone increased locomotor activity in mice and co-administration of the CB2R agonist, JWH133, reduced khat extract induced hyperlocomotor activity. The data revealed that cell type specific deletion of CB2Rs on dopaminergic neurons increased the hyperlocomotor behavior of khat extract. Furthermore, the results revealed that khat extract attenuated MPTP induced motor deficits, which is enhanced by JWH133. Khat extract also increased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells and expression of dopamine transporter mRNA gene in wild type mice. Nevertheless, JWH133 did not alter the effect of khat extract on tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity and dopamine transporter mRNA expression when given together with khat extract. Taken together, the results suggest that the CB2Rs selectively interact with khat extract-mediated locomotor effects and could be utilized as therapeutic target in central nervous system movement disorders associated with dopamine dysregulation.

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“…It is felt that the health problems emanating from Khat chewing are intrinsically related to the chemical constitution of the plant. This effect is likely to be aggravated by pesticides like DDT, and malathion sprayed on the khatleaves [13][14][15]. Currently, several million people are estimated to be frequent khat users for its euphoric/stimulant effects and other subjectively explained desirable effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the Effects of Extracts of Fresh Khat/Catha edulis Leaves on the Oxidation of Niger Seed Oil

Nigatu¹,

Libsu²

2019

JPP

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The methanolic extract of the fresh leaves of khat/Catha edulis was investigated using established procedures for its phytochemical constituents and effect on lipid oxidation. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenols, and flavonoids. The effects of the extract on oxidation of locally produced edible NSO (niger seed oil) was assessed through the measurement of peroxide value, iodine value and conjugated diene concentration for a period of sixteen days. Control setup involving NSO without the extract was also kept for the same period of time under similar conditions. It was observed that the peroxide value and conjugated diene value of the oil containing varying concentrations of the extracts of khat leaves increased significantly, relative to the control, showing that the extract of the khat leaves promoted deterioration of the oil. In a similar manner, the iodine value of NSO with and without added khat leaves extract was assessed. It was observed that the iodine value of the oil containing the khat leaves extract decreased more rapidly than the control, suggesting that the double bonds in the fat constituting the oil were diminished by the extract of the khat leaves. It is thus inferred from the present study that methanolic extract of fresh khat leaves leads to deterioration of NSO. It can also be suggested from the results of the present investigation that the health problems khat chewers face may be related to the oxidative damaging effects of these leaves exert on biomolecules found in the body.

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Pharmacological and Toxicological Effects of Catha edulis F. (Khat)

Cited by 39 publications

References 81 publications

Prevalence of dyslipidemia among students of a Yemeni University

Prevalence of dyslipidemia among students of a Yemeni University

Involvement of CB2 Receptors in the Neurobehavioral Effects of Catha Edulis (Vahl) Endl. (Khat) in Mice

Studies on the Effects of Extracts of Fresh Khat/Catha edulis Leaves on the Oxidation of Niger Seed Oil

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