Pharmacological doses of niacin stimulate the expression of genes involved in carnitine uptake and biosynthesis and improve the carnitine status of obese Zucker rats

Couturier, Aline; Ringseis, Robert; Most, Erika; Eder, Klaus

doi:10.1186/2050-6511-15-37

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…At the same time, increased expression of BBD and OCTN2 also plays a role in regulating carnitine homeostasis by stimulating the intake and biosynthesis of the carnitine, thus increasing the concentration of carnitine ( 86 ). The transcriptional regulation of PPARα on carnitine homeostasis related genes is consistent with their basic role in fatty acid catabolism ( 85 ).…”

Section: Downstream Mechanism Of Carnitine In Nafld and Related Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Typical genes, such as OCTN2 (encoded by SLC22A5) and /or BBD (encoded by BBOX1), regulated by PPARα play regulatory roles in the cellular fatty acid uptake, fatty acid activation, intracellular fatty acid transport, and β-oxidation of mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acids ( 84 ). With the increase of FFA oxidation, PPARα is activated, and the expression of BBD and OCTN2 in oxidative tissue is simulated to facilitate disposal ( 85 ). At the same time, increased expression of BBD and OCTN2 also plays a role in regulating carnitine homeostasis by stimulating the intake and biosynthesis of the carnitine, thus increasing the concentration of carnitine ( 86 ).…”

Section: Downstream Mechanism Of Carnitine In Nafld and Related Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of Carnitine in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Other Related Diseases: An Update

Zhao

2021

Front. Med.

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Carnitine is an amino acid-derived substance that coordinates a wide range of biological processes. Such functions include transport of long-chain fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix, regulation of acetyl-CoA/CoA, control of inter-organellar acyl traffic, and protection against oxidative stress. Recent studies have found that carnitine plays an important role in several diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, its effect is still controversial, and its mechanism is not clear. Herein, this review provides current knowledge on the biological functions of carnitine, the “multiple hit” impact of carnitine on the NAFLD progression, and the downstream mechanisms. Based on the “multiple hit” hypothesis, carnitine inhibits β-oxidation, improves mitochondrial dysfunction, and reduces insulin resistance to ameliorate NAFLD. L-carnitine may have therapeutic role in liver diseases including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, alcoholic fatty liver disease, and viral hepatitis. We also discuss the prospects of L-carnitine supplementation as a therapeutic strategy in NAFLD and related diseases, and the factors limiting its widespread use.

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Section: Downstream Mechanism Of Carnitine In Nafld and Related Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Downstream Mechanism Of Carnitine In Nafld and Related Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Carnitine in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Other Related Diseases: An Update

Zhao

2021

Front. Med.

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“…3B), effects in liver or heart tissues were more minor [not shown]. DMF's tissue-specific effects on mitochondrial gene expression could result from differential expression of its two known targets Nrf2 (37)(38)(39)(40) and HCAR2 (41)(42)(43).…”

Section: Dmf's Tissue-specific Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimethyl fumarate mediates Nrf2-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis in mice and humans

Hayashi

Jasoliya

Sahdeo

et al. 2017

Human Molecular Genetics

112

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The induction of mitochondrial biogenesis could potentially alleviate mitochondrial and muscle disease. We show here that dimethyl fumarate (DMF) dose-dependently induces mitochondrial biogenesis and function dosed to cells in vitro, and also dosed in vivo to mice and humans. The induction of mitochondrial gene expression is more dependent on DMF's target Nrf2 than hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCAR2). Thus, DMF induces mitochondrial biogenesis primarily through its action on Nrf2, and is the first drug demonstrated to increase mitochondrial biogenesis with in vivo human dosing. This is the first demonstration that mitochondrial biogenesis is deficient in Multiple Sclerosis patients, which could have implications for MS pathophysiology and therapy. The observation that DMF stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis, gene expression and function suggests that it could be considered for mitochondrial disease therapy and/or therapy in muscle disease in which mitochondrial function is important.

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“…Niacin-induced pancreatic islet dysfunction may be modulated through the activation of the islet beta-cell G-protein-coupled receptor, (GPR) 109a-induced pathways involving reactive oxygen species, PPAR-gamma and uncoupling protein (UCP) 2 pathways [73]. Niacin supplementation has been shown to stimulate the expression of genes involved in carnitine uptake and to replenish depleted carnitine levels in obese rats, presumably via PPAR-activation [74].…”

Section: The Hcg Diet: Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Foods in fad diets: A review

Navaro¹,

Raz²,

Gabriel³

et al. 2017

FFHD

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Background: Fad diets can be defined as any diet making claims that are unrealistic and not supported by evidence-based data. Having been developed since the early 19th century, fad diets promise drastic weight loss and/or other unsubstantiated health claims, often omitting entire food groups. Their popularity with the public makes them an important topic for nutritionists and clinicians, especially in the framework of the obesity epidemic. Additionally, it is conceivable that components of fad diets can indeed facilitate weight loss, even if the diet overall is without merit. The grapefruit diet, the cabbage soup diet, and the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) diet are among the most popular fad diets and are reviewed within this study not only in terms of the diet plan itself, but also in terms of possible and known weight loss and health benefits provided by the foods on which the diets are based. Bioflavonoids in grapefruit, including naringin, hesperidin, and bergamottin, may benefit glucose homeostasis. Cabbage contains lutein, zeaxanthin, kaempferol, quercetin, and apigenin, which have anti-inflammatory properties and improve both glucose homeostasis and fat metabolism. The hCG diet is frequently supplemented with non-hCG preparations, which often contains African mango, which has been shown to enhance weight loss by an unspecified mechanism; astragalus root, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma receptor agonistic properties; arginine, which stimulates lipolysis; glutamine, which has been shown to enhance weight loss, perhaps by altering the gut microbiome; carnitine, which appears to facilitate weight loss; B12, which improves insulin resistance; and niacin, which improves the dyslipidemia associated with overweight/obesity. Presently, high quality clinical trials suggest that fad diets reduce weight in the short term due to drastic caloric restriction rather than functional food properties. However, the proof of principle has been demonstrated, and clinical trials of the functional foods utilized in fad diets are much needed.Keywords: functional foods, Fad diet, weight loss, naringin, hesperidin, and bergamottin

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Pharmacological doses of niacin stimulate the expression of genes involved in carnitine uptake and biosynthesis and improve the carnitine status of obese Zucker rats

Cited by 15 publications

References 40 publications

Role of Carnitine in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Other Related Diseases: An Update

Role of Carnitine in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Other Related Diseases: An Update

Dimethyl fumarate mediates Nrf2-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis in mice and humans

Functional Foods in fad diets: A review

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