Pharmacological Effects of Polyphenol Phytochemicals on the Intestinal Inflammation via Targeting TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Abstract

TLR4/NF-κB is a key inflammatory signaling transduction pathway, closely involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and pro-inflammatory response. Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), the first mammalian TLR to be characterized, is the innate immune receptor that plays a key role in inflammatory signal transductions. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), the TLR4 downstream, is the key to accounting for the expression of multiple genes involved in inflammatory responses, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans is a chronic inflammatory disease with high incidence and prevalence worldwide. Targeting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway might be an effective strategy to alleviate intestinal inflammation. Polyphenol phytochemicals have shown noticeable alleviative effects by acting on the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in intestinal inflammation. This review summarizes the pharmacological effects of more than 20 kinds of polyphenols on intestinal inflammation via targeting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. We expected that polyphenol phytochemicals targeting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway might be an effective approach to treat IBD in future clinical research applications.

Allergic Inflammation: Effect of Propolis and Its Flavonoids

“…Moreover, kaempferol inhibited phosphorylation of ERK-1/2, p38, and JNK, and activation of NF-ĸB by IL-1 β in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblasts. In this same study, kaempferol inhibited the production of COX-2, PGE2, and MMP-1 and MMP-3 [ 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 ].…”

“…Macrophages, along with other inflammatory cell types, provide a wide range of bioactive molecules that cause marked changes in the inflammatory loci by interacting with epithelial, mesenchymal and vascular endothelial cells. For example, genistein quercetin, luteolin and luteolin-7-glucoside were found to prevent IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF- α formation in LPS-induced human monocytes, as in macrophages, gastric epithelial cells, and osteoblasts while eriodictyol and hesperetin only inhibited TNF-α release [ 69 , 114 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 ].…”

“…Alongside inhibiting cytokines, propolis and flavonoids may act on chemokines modulation [ 99 , 126 , 157 ] including: (1) CC or β chemokines, (MCP-1, MIP-1 α , RANTES, and eotaxin) and (2) CXC or α chemokines (IL-8, GRO-α, and epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide (NEA-78)). CC chemokines act primarily on lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils, but not on neutrophils while chemoattractant cytokine IL-8 and the other CXC chemokines act primarily on neutrophils.…”

Using Drosophila melanogaster as a suitable platform for drug discovery from natural products in inflammatory bowel disease

“…TLR4/NF-κB pathway TLR4/NF-κB is an important inflammatory signaling transduction pathway, which closely participates in cell differentiation and proliferation, apoptosis, and proinflammatory response (Yu et al, 2022). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in recognizing invading microbial pathogens and leading to innate immune response for the host defense, and also involved in the pathogenesis of IBD (Frantz et al, 2018;Lu et al, 2018).…”

Sustainability and Gender Perspective in Food Innovation: Foods and Food Processing Coproducts as Source of Macro- and Micro-Nutrients for Woman-Fortified Foods

“…On the other hand, the second trimester represents a predominantly anti-inflammatory state [ 137 ]. In this sense, a high intake of foods with high contents of polyphenol compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes and lignans) has been related with a reduction in the incidence of chronic inflammatory diseases [ 138 , 139 , 140 ]. The coproducts generated in the agri-food industry, and mainly in the fruit processing industry, are a great source of polyphenolic compounds.…”