“…There is great interest in finding ways to alter extinction learning processes to oppose these traumatic memories ( Kida, 2019 ). Pre-clinical studies have suggested timed brain stimulation ( Milad and Quirk, 2002 ; Vidal-Gonzalez et al, 2006 ; Bukalo et al, 2015 ; Likhtik and Paz, 2015 ), glutamatergic agonists ( Norberg et al, 2008 ; La Buissonnière-Ariza et al, 2020 ), and timed increases in adrenal hormones ( de Kloet et al, 2005 , 2006 ; McEwen, 2005 ; Klaassens et al, 2012 ; Iob et al, 2020 ) as potential strategies for augmenting extinction. Invasive brain stimulation presents a challenge to routine clinical practice, and pharmacologic strategies have shown limited effectiveness in formal trials ( Storch et al, 2007 ; Litz et al, 2012 ; Ressler, 2020 ).…”