Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a potent sphingolipid metabolite that regulates a number of biological processes critical for cancer. S1P produced inside cancer cells is exported and exerts its extracellular functions by binding to its specific receptors in an autocrine, paracrine, and/or endocrine manner, which is known as insideout signaling. S1P is also known to exert its intracellular functions especially in the inflammatory process, but its relevance to cancer biology remains to be elucidated. Recently, there have been growing interests in the role of S1P in breast cancer progression, including angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Our group demonstrated that activation of sphingosine kinase 1, the enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of sphingosine to S1P, is a key step of this process. In this review, we will cover our current knowledge on the role of S1P signaling pathway in breast cancer progression with an emphasis on its role in tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis.
Lymph Node Metastasis Is a Major Prognostic Predictor in Breast CancerB reast cancer first metastasizes to its sentinel lymph node, and the level of lymph node metastasis is one of the three factors used for clinical staging of this disease (TNM Staging), thus it is a major prognostic predictor of clinical outcome.1 A breast cancer's metastatic potential is determined by complex and specific genetic gains and/or losses of function that enable cancer cells to proliferate, migrate out from their primary site to invade into the blood or lymphatic vasculature in the host, thereby providing tumor cells an access/ conduit to metastasize. The mechanism of tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis, generation of new lymphatic vessels from the host induced by the tumor, is relatively understudied despite the fact that ample clinical and experimental evidence suggests that lymphangiogenesis provides a gateway to systemic metastasis. [2][3][4] Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating this process is expected to have significant impact on the understanding of cancer biology and potentially lead to the development of new treatment strategies.